Influence of the extracellular matrix on endogenous and transplanted stem cells after brain damage

Extracellular matrix: A dynamic microenvironment for stem cell niche

(2014) Francesca Gattazzo et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS

Nogo limits neural plasticity and recovery from injury

(2014) Martin E Schwab et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY

Contrasting the Glial Response to Axon Injury in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

(2014) Amanda Brosius Lutz et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

Functional regeneration beyond the glial scar

(2014) Jared M. Cregg et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

MSC-derived exosomes: a novel tool to treat therapy-refractory graft-versus-host disease

(2014) L Kordelas et al.   LEUKEMIA

Tenascins in stem cell niches

(2014) Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann et al.   MATRIX BIOLOGY

Current understanding of the thrombospondin-1 interactome

(2014) Andrea Resovi et al.   MATRIX BIOLOGY

The role of glypicans in Hedgehog signaling

(2014) Jorge Filmus et al.   MATRIX BIOLOGY

Reactive Gliosis and the Multicellular Response to CNS Damage and Disease

(2014) Joshua E. Burda et al.   NEURON

Role of GFAP in CNS injuries

(2014) Michael Brenner   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis

(2014) Milos Pekny et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

Nogo-A: Multiple Roles in CNS Development, Maintenance, and Disease

(2014) A. Schmandke et al.   NEUROSCIENTIST

Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Maintain the Resting Phenotype of Microglia and Inhibit Microglial Activation

(2014) Ke Yan et al.   PLoS One

In vivo conversion of astrocytes to neurons in the injured adult spinal cord

(2014) Zhida Su et al.   Nature Communications

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons integrate in stroke-injured cortex and improve functional recovery

(2013) Daniel Tornero et al.   BRAIN

Potential role of fibronectin in microglia/macrophage activation following cryoinjury in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study

(2013) Heechul Kim et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Neuroprotective effect of chondroitinase ABC on primary and secondary brain injury after stroke in hypertensive rats

(2013) Xin-ran Chen et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH

Reactive Glia in the Injured Brain Acquire Stem Cell Properties in Response to Sonic Hedgehog

(2013) Swetlana Sirko et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Directed Differentiation and Functional Maturation of Cortical Interneurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

(2013) Asif M. Maroof et al.   Cell Stem Cell

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Reactive Glial Cells into Functional Neurons after Brain Injury and in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model

(2013) Ziyuan Guo et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Combination treatment with anti-Nogo-A and chondroitinase ABC is more effective than single treatments at enhancing functional recovery after spinal cord injury

(2013) Rong-Rong Zhao et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Infusion of anti-Nogo-A antibodies in adult rats increases growth and synapse related proteins in the absence of behavioral alterations

(2013) Luis M. Craveiro et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Proteoglycans and their roles in brain cancer

(2013) Anna Wade et al.   FEBS Journal

Activated microglia in a rat stroke model express NG2 proteoglycan in peri-infarct tissue through the involvement of TGF-β1

(2013) Kana Sugimoto et al.   GLIA

The extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R regulates neurogenesis during development and in the adult dentate gyrus of mice

(2013) J.-C. Xu et al.   JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE

The Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Mediates Brain Plasticity and Subsequent Functional Recovery After Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Treatment of Stroke in Mice

(2013) Xiaoshuang Ding et al.   JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM

Oligodendrocyte precursors induce early blood-brain barrier opening after white matter injury

(2013) Ji Hae Seo et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Neutralization of Inhibitory Molecule NG2 Improves Synaptic Transmission, Retrograde Transport, and Locomotor Function after Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats

(2013) H. A. Petrosyan et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Primary Hippocampal Neurons, Which Lack Four Crucial Extracellular Matrix Molecules, Display Abnormalities of Synaptic Structure and Function and Severe Deficits in Perineuronal Net Formation

(2013) M. Geissler et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Experience-dependent development of perineuronal nets and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors in mouse visual cortex

(2013) Qian Ye et al.   MATRIX BIOLOGY

Human mesenchymal stem cells generate a distinct pericellular zone of MMP activities via binding of MMPs and secretion of high levels of TIMPs

(2013) Thomas P. Lozito et al.   MATRIX BIOLOGY

The Downstream Regulation of Chemokine Receptor Signalling: Implications for Atherosclerosis

(2013) Jyoti Patel et al.   MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION

Protective astrogenesis from the SVZ niche after injury is controlled by Notch modulator Thbs4

(2013) Eric J. Benner et al.   NATURE

Nogo-A downregulation impairs place avoidance in the Carousel maze but not spatial memory in the Morris water maze

(2013) Tomas Petrasek et al.   NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY

Review: Manipulating the extracellular matrix and its role in brain and spinal cord plasticity and repair

(2013) E. R. Burnside et al.   NEUROPATHOLOGY AND APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY

Targeting the neural extracellular matrix in neurological disorders

(2013) S. Soleman et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes

(2013) Mark A. Anderson et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

Plasticity in the Injured Brain

(2013) Justine J. Overman et al.   NEUROSCIENTIST

Stem Cells as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke 3

(2013) Sean I. Savitz et al.   STROKE

LAR-RPTPs: synaptic adhesion molecules that shape synapse development

(2013) Ji Won Um et al.   TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY

Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte regeneration from ventricular-subventricular zone-derived progenitor cells in white matter diseases

(2013) Takakuni Maki et al.   Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Genetically Modified Neural Stem Cells for a Local and Sustained Delivery of Neuroprotective Factors to the Dystrophic Mouse Retina

(2013) Gila Jung et al.   Stem Cells Translational Medicine

Tenascins and inflammation in disorders of the nervous system

(2012) Igor Jakovcevski et al.   AMINO ACIDS

Functional Diversity of Laminins

(2012) Anna Domogatskaya et al.   Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

The laser lesion of the mouse visual cortex as a model to study neural extracellular matrix remodeling during degeneration, regeneration and plasticity of the CNS

(2012) Lars Roll et al.   CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH

Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Neural Stem Cells by Defined Factors

(2012) Dong Wook Han et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts into Stably Expandable Neural Stem Cells

(2012) Marc Thier et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Temporal Progression of Kainic Acid Induced Changes in Vascular Laminin Expression in Rat Brain with Neuronal and Glial Correlates

(2012) Sumit Sarkar et al.   CURRENT NEUROVASCULAR RESEARCH

Extracellular matrix, integrins, and growth factors as tailors of the stem cell niche

(2012) Maria Felice Brizzi et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY

A method for deriving homogenous population of oligodendrocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells

(2012) J. Neman et al.   Developmental Neurobiology

Scar-mediated inhibition and CSPG receptors in the CNS

(2012) Kartavya Sharma et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

New perspectives on central and peripheral immune responses to acute traumatic brain injury

(2012) Mahasweta Das et al.   Journal of Neuroinflammation

Differing Semaphorin 3A Concentrations Trigger Distinct Signaling Mechanisms in Growth Cone Collapse

(2012) R. P. C. Manns et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Distinct Roles of Nogo-A and Nogo Receptor 1 in the Homeostatic Regulation of Adult Neural Stem Cell Function and Neuroblast Migration

(2012) C. Rolando et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Reactive Astrocyte-Derived Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Cortical Peri-Infarct Area after Stroke

(2012) I. S. Shimada et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Endothelial Progenitor Cells Promote Astrogliosis following Spinal Cord Injury through Jagged1-Dependent Notch Signaling

(2012) Naosuke Kamei et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA

Cross-talk between neural stem cells and immune cells: the key to better brain repair?

(2012) Zaal Kokaia et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Passive immunization with tenascin-R (TN-R) polyclonal antibody promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats

(2012) Jian You et al.   NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS

GFAP Isoforms in Adult Mouse Brain with a Focus on Neurogenic Astrocytes and Reactive Astrogliosis in Mouse Models of Alzheimer Disease

(2012) Willem Kamphuis et al.   PLoS One

A sulfated carbohydrate epitope inhibits axon regeneration after injury

(2012) J. M. Brown et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Mouse Brain PSA-NCAM Levels Are Altered by Graded-Controlled Cortical Impact Injury

(2012) Craig S. Budinich et al.   NEURAL PLASTICITY

Astrocytes as a Source for Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cytokines

(2012) Stefan Wiese et al.   Frontiers in Pharmacology

Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans: Extracellular matrix proteins that regulate immunity of the central nervous system

(2011) Sarah Haylock-Jacobs et al.   AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS

Human neural stem cells enhance structural plasticity and axonal transport in the ischaemic brain

(2011) Robert H. Andres et al.   BRAIN

Involvement of Perineuronal and Perisynaptic Extracellular Matrix in Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology

(2011) Markus Morawski et al.   BRAIN PATHOLOGY

The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin C modulates expression levels and territories of key patterning genes during spinal cord astrocyte specification

(2011) M. Karus et al.   DEVELOPMENT

Extracellular matrix and the neural stem cell niche

(2011) Ilias Kazanis et al.   Developmental Neurobiology

Extracellular matrix and matrix receptors in blood-brain barrier formation and stroke

(2011) Kim M. Baeten et al.   Developmental Neurobiology

Extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets in CNS repair

(2011) Jessica C.F. Kwok et al.   Developmental Neurobiology

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans regulate astrocyte-dependent synaptogenesis and modulate synaptic activity in primary embryonic hippocampal neurons

(2011) Martin Pyka et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Disturbance of perineuronal nets in the perilesional area after photothrombosis is not associated with neuronal death

(2011) Magdalena Karetko-Sysa et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

NG2 cells are not a major source of reactive astrocytes after neocortical stab wound injury

(2011) Mila Komitova et al.   GLIA

Exosomes: Small vesicles participating in intercellular communication

(2011) Anna-Kristin Ludwig et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY

Perlecan domain V is neuroprotective and proangiogenic following ischemic stroke in rodents

(2011) Boyeon Lee et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Neurochemokines: a menage a trois providing new insights on the functions of chemokines in the central nervous system

(2011) William Rostène et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis

(2011) Stefanie Robel et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

Brain Regeneration in Physiology and Pathology: The Immune Signature Driving Therapeutic Plasticity of Neural Stem Cells

(2011) Gianvito Martino et al.   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Physiology of Microglia

(2011) Helmut Kettenmann et al.   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived L1 Overexpressing Neural Aggregates Enhance Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

(2011) Yi-Fang Cui et al.   PLoS One

Reversible modulations of neuronal plasticity by VEGF

(2011) T. Licht et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Proteoglycan-Specific Molecular Switch for RPTP  Clustering and Neuronal Extension

(2011) C. H. Coles et al.   SCIENCE

A Pericyte Origin of Spinal Cord Scar Tissue

(2011) C. Goritz et al.   SCIENCE

Non-SH2/PDZ reverse signaling by ephrins

(2011) Ira O. Daar   SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

The Thrombospondins

(2011) J. C. Adams et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Assembly of Fibronectin Extracellular Matrix

(2010) Purva Singh et al.   Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Contributions of astrocytes to synapse formation and maturation — Potential functions of the perisynaptic extracellular matrix

(2010) Andreas Faissner et al.   BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS

Origin of New Glial Cells in Intact and Injured Adult Spinal Cord

(2010) Fanie Barnabé-Heider et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Adult SVZ Lineage Cells Home to and Leave the Vascular Niche via Differential Responses to SDF1/CXCR4 Signaling

(2010) Erzsebet Kokovay et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Analysis of combinatorial variability reveals selective accumulation of the fibronectin type III domains B and D of tenascin-C in injured brain

(2010) Alexandre Dobbertin et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Fibrinogen Triggers Astrocyte Scar Formation by Promoting the Availability of Active TGF-  after Vascular Damage

(2010) C. Schachtrup et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Regulatory Mechanisms that Mediate Tenascin C-Dependent Inhibition of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Differentiation

(2010) T. Czopka et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates actin cytoskeleton via Tiam1–Rac1 cascade during spine formation

(2010) Nobunari Sasaki et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE

The Extracellular Matrix Glycoprotein Tenascin-C Is Beneficial for Spinal Cord Regeneration

(2010) Jian Chen et al.   MOLECULAR THERAPY

NCAM-mediated locomotor recovery from spinal cord contusion injury involves neuroprotection, axon regeneration, and synaptogenesis

(2010) Si Zhang et al.   NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL

De-routing neuronal precursors in the adult brain to sites of injury: Role of the vasculature

(2010) Mireille Massouh et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Generation, Purification and Transplantation of Photoreceptors Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

(2010) Deepak A. Lamba et al.   PLoS One

Specification of Region-Specific Neurons Including Forebrain Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

(2010) Hui Zeng et al.   PLoS One

Cortical Plasticity Induced by Inhibitory Neuron Transplantation

(2010) D. G. Southwell et al.   SCIENCE

Wnt Signaling Regulates Symmetry of Division of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Brain and in Response to Injury

(2010) David Piccin et al.   STEM CELLS

Isolation of Locally Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells From the Peri-Infarct Area That Do Not Migrate From the Lateral Ventricle After Cortical Stroke

(2010) Issei S. Shimada et al.   STROKE

The Collagen Family

(2010) S. Ricard-Blum   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Astrocytes in the damaged brain: Molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential

(2009) Annalisa Buffo et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Delayed post-ischaemic neuroprotection following systemic neural stem cell transplantation involves multiple mechanisms

(2009) Marco Bacigaluppi et al.   BRAIN

Focal laser-lesions activate an endogenous population of neural stem/progenitor cells in the adult visual cortex

(2009) Swetlana Sirko et al.   BRAIN

The Canonical Notch Signaling Pathway: Unfolding the Activation Mechanism

(2009) Raphael Kopan et al.   CELL

Inhibitors of slit protein interactions with the heparan sulphate proteoglycan glypican-1: Potential agents for the treatment of spinal cord injury

(2009) Elizabeth Lau et al.   CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The structure of an integrin/talin complex reveals the basis of inside-out signal transduction

(2009) Nicholas J Anthis et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Bone morphogenetic proteins mediate cellular response and, together with Noggin, regulate astrocyte differentiation after spinal cord injury

(2009) Qi Xiao et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: neurovascular injury and angiogenic recovery after stroke

(2009) Ken Arai et al.   FEBS Journal

Comparative screening of glial cell types reveals extracellular matrix that inhibits retinal axon growth in a chondroitinase ABC-resistant fashion

(2009) Sonia Siddiqui et al.   GLIA

The role of oxygen in regulating neural stem cells in development and disease

(2009) David M. Panchision   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

The role of thrombospondin-1 and transforming growth factor-β after spinal cord injury in the rat

(2009) Xianghua Wang et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE

Role of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)-Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) Interactions in Induction of Neurite Outgrowth and Identification of a Binding Site for NCAM in the Heel Region of GDNF

(2009) J. Nielsen et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Activation Is Induced by Acute Brain Injury and Regulated by Injury-Related Inflammation

(2009) N. M. Amankulor et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 contributes to the ‘homing’ of umbilical cord blood cells to a hypoxic-ischemic lesion in the rat brain

(2009) Katja Rosenkranz et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Adult cerebrospinal fluid inhibits neurogenesis but facilitates gliogenesis from fetal rat neural stem cells

(2009) Judith Buddensiek et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH

Tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of Toll-like receptor 4 that is essential for maintaining inflammation in arthritic joint disease

(2009) Kim Midwood et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair

(2009) Asya Rolls et al.   NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE

Nogo receptor 1 regulates formation of lasting memories

(2009) A. Karlen et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation

(2009) Michael V. Sofroniew   TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES

Differential expression of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases accompanies the reorganisation of the retina upon laser lesion

(2009) Manuela Besser et al.   EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH

Persistent inflammation alters the function of the endogenous brain stem cell compartment

(2008) Stefano Pluchino et al.   BRAIN

Adult SVZ Stem Cells Lie in a Vascular Niche: A Quantitative Analysis of Niche Cell-Cell Interactions

(2008) Qin Shen et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Tenascin C in Stem Cell Niches: Redundant, Permissive or Instructive?

(2008) Alexander von Holst   CELLS TISSUES ORGANS

Modulation of chemokine receptor activity through dimerization and crosstalk

(2008) C. L. Salanga et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES

Neural stem/progenitor cells modulate immune responses by suppressing T lymphocytes with nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2

(2008) Lei Wang et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

A newin vitromodel of the glial scar inhibits axon growth

(2008) Ina B. Wanner et al.   GLIA

Extracellular matrix of the central nervous system: from neglect to challenge

(2008) Dieter R. Zimmermann et al.   HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY

Metalloproteinase- and γ-Secretase-mediated Cleavage of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z

(2008) Jeremy Pak Hong Chow et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Synergistic Signaling from Extracellular Matrix–Growth Factor Complexes

(2008) Richard A.F. Clark   JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Facilitates Glial Scar Formation in the Injured Spinal Cord

(2008) J.-Y. C. Hsu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

A Novel Purification Method for CNS Projection Neurons Leads to the Identification of Brain Vascular Cells as a Source of Trophic Support for Corticospinal Motor Neurons

(2008) J. C. Dugas et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Repulsive Wnt Signaling Inhibits Axon Regeneration after CNS Injury

(2008) Y. Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Agrin Expression during Synaptogenesis Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury

(2008) M. Cristina Falo et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA

Pluripotent stem cells induced from adult neural stem cells by reprogramming with two factors

(2008) Jeong Beom Kim et al.   NATURE

Diverse roles of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation and cerebral ischemia

(2008) E. Candelario-Jalil et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Endogenous Neural Progenitor Cells as Therapeutic Target After Spinal Cord Injury

(2008) Franz-Josef Obermair et al.   PHYSIOLOGY

Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain

(2008) A. Buffo et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Endogenous Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-9 Promote the Differentiation and Migration of Adult Neural Progenitor Cells in Response to Chemokines

(2008) Basam Z. Barkho et al.   STEM CELLS

An Induction Gene Trap Screen in Neural Stem Cells Reveals an Instructive Function of the Niche and Identifies the Splicing Regulator Sam68 as a Tenascin-C-Regulated Target Gene

(2008) Sören Moritz et al.   STEM CELLS

Mechanisms Underlying Improved Recovery of Neurological Function After Stroke in the Rodent After Treatment With Neurorestorative Cell-Based Therapies

(2008) M. Chopp et al.   STROKE

Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury

(2007) Dustin J. Donnelly et al.   EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY