The human foot and heel-sole-toe walking strategy: a mechanism enabling an inverted pendular gait with low isometric muscle force?

Understanding Muscle Energetics in Locomotion

(2011) Brian R. Umberger et al.   EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES REVIEWS

Human-like external function of the foot, and fully upright gait, confirmed in the 3.66 million year old Laetoli hominin footprints by topographic statistics, experimental footprint-formation and computer simulation

(2011) R. H. Crompton et al.   Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Fibre operating lengths of human lower limb muscles during walking

(2011) E. M. Arnold et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Complete Fourth Metatarsal and Arches in the Foot of Australopithecus afarensis

(2011) C. V. Ward et al.   SCIENCE

Two explanations for the compliant running paradox: reduced work of bouncing viscera and increased stability in uneven terrain

(2010) M. A. Daley et al.   Biology Letters

The influence of foot posture on the cost of transport in humans

(2010) C. B. Cunningham et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY

Stance and swing phase costs in human walking

(2010) B. R. Umberger   Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Fifteen observations on the structure of energy-minimizing gaits in many simple biped models

(2010) M. Srinivasan   Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners

(2010) Daniel E. Lieberman et al.   NATURE

Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics

(2010) David A. Raichlen et al.   PLoS One

Modular control of human walking: Adaptations to altered mechanical demands

(2009) Craig P. McGowan et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS

The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics

(2008) Richard R. Neptune et al.   GAIT & POSTURE

Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor

(2008) R. H. Crompton et al.   JOURNAL OF ANATOMY

Compass gait mechanics account for top walking speeds in ducks and humans

(2008) J. R. Usherwood et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY

The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and early hominins

(2008) Herman Pontzer et al.   JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION