The influence of evolutionary history on human health and disease

Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals

(2020) Lu Chen et al.   CELL

The evolutionary history of 2,658 cancers

(2020) Moritz Gerstung et al.   NATURE

Variable prediction accuracy of polygenic scores within an ancestry group

(2020) Hakhamanesh Mostafavi et al.   eLife

Localizing Components of Shared Transethnic Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits from GWAS Summary Data

(2020) Huwenbo Shi et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

The Neandertal Progesterone Receptor

(2020) Hugo Zeberg et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

The nature of Neanderthal introgression revealed by 27,566 Icelandic genomes

(2020) Laurits Skov et al.   NATURE

A positively selected FBN1 missense variant reduces height in Peruvian individuals

(2020) Samira Asgari et al.   NATURE

The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans

(2020) Konrad J. Karczewski et al.   NATURE

Electronic health records and polygenic risk scores for predicting disease risk

(2020) Ruowang Li et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Relaxed constraint and functional divergence of the progesterone receptor (PGR) in the human stem-lineage

(2020) Mirna Marinić et al.   PLoS Genetics

Integrating evolutionary dynamics into cancer therapy

(2020) Robert A. Gatenby et al.   Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

The Genomics of Human Local Adaptation

(2020) Jasmin S. Rees et al.   TRENDS IN GENETICS

Accounting for diverse evolutionary forces reveals mosaic patterns of selection on human preterm birth loci

(2020) Abigail L. LaBella et al.   Nature Communications

Neanderthal introgression reintroduced functional ancestral alleles lost in Eurasian populations

(2020) David C. Rinker et al.   Nature Ecology & Evolution

The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals

(2020) Hugo Zeberg et al.   NATURE

Preventing Preeclampsia by Silencing Soluble Flt-1?

(2019) Sarah A. Robertson   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities

(2019) Alicia R. Martin et al.   NATURE GENETICS

The Missing Diversity in Human Genetic Studies

(2019) Giorgio Sirugo et al.   CELL

Human Immunology through the Lens of Evolutionary Genetics

(2019) Lluis Quintana-Murci   CELL

Biobanking in health care: evolution and future directions

(2019) Luigi Coppola et al.   Journal of Translational Medicine

Return to the Sea, Get Huge, Beat Cancer: An Analysis of Cetacean Genomes Including an Assembly for the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

(2019) Marc Tollis et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective

(2019) Kateřina Sobotková et al.   TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY

Understanding maladaptation by uniting ecological and evolutionary perspectives

(2019) Steven Brady et al.   AMERICAN NATURALIST

Analysis of polygenic risk score usage and performance in diverse human populations

(2019) L. Duncan et al.   Nature Communications

Thinking About the Evolution of Complex Traits in the Era of Genome-Wide Association Studies

(2019) Guy Sella et al.   Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics

Immune Regulation in Eutherian Pregnancy: Live Birth Coevolved with Novel Immune Genes and Gene Regulation

(2019) Jiyun M. Moon et al.   BIOESSAYS

Ancient Human Genomics: The First Decade

(2018) Pontus Skoglund et al.   Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics

From humans to hydra: patterns of cancer across the tree of life

(2018) Thales A. F. Albuquerque et al.   BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Genetic Hitchhiking and Population Bottlenecks Contribute to Prostate Cancer Disparities in Men of African Descent

(2018) Joseph Lachance et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Human-Specific NOTCH2NL Genes Expand Cortical Neurogenesis through Delta/Notch Regulation

(2018) Ikuo K. Suzuki et al.   CELL

Human-Specific NOTCH2NL Genes Affect Notch Signaling and Cortical Neurogenesis

(2018) Ian T. Fiddes et al.   CELL

Towards diversity in genomics: The emergence of neurogenomics in Africa?

(2018) Emmanuel Quansah et al.   GENOMICS

Genomic trade-offs: are autism and schizophrenia the steep price of the human brain?

(2018) J. M. Sikela et al.   HUMAN GENETICS

The personal and clinical utility of polygenic risk scores

(2018) Ali Torkamani et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

The transition to modernity and chronic disease: mismatch and natural selection

(2018) Stephen Corbett et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Horizons in the evolution of aging

(2018) Thomas Flatt et al.   BMC BIOLOGY

Genome-wide polygenic scores for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to monogenic mutations

(2018) Amit V. Khera et al.   NATURE GENETICS

A Zombie LIF Gene in Elephants Is Upregulated by TP53 to Induce Apoptosis in Response to DNA Damage

(2018) Juan Manuel Vazquez et al.   Cell Reports

Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies Novel Maternal and Placental Pathways of Preeclampsia

(2018) Nandor Gabor Than et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Evidence that RNA Viruses Drove Adaptive Introgression between Neanderthals and Modern Humans

(2018) David Enard et al.   CELL

Unveiling the Genetic Architecture of Human Disease for Precision Medicine

(2018) Anuradha Ramamoorthy et al.   CTS-Clinical and Translational Science

The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data

(2018) Clare Bycroft et al.   NATURE

RNAi modulation of placental sFLT1 for the treatment of preeclampsia

(2018) Anton A Turanov et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Multiethnic polygenic risk scores improve risk prediction in diverse populations

(2017) Carla Márquez-Luna et al.   GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY

Rapid Evolution of Primate Type 2 Immune Response Factors Linked to Asthma Susceptibility

(2017) Matthew F. Barber et al.   Genome Biology and Evolution

Trans-ethnic fine-mapping of genetic loci for body mass index in the diverse ancestral populations of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study reveals evidence for multiple signals at established loci

(2017) Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes et al.   HUMAN GENETICS

Trans-ethnic meta-regression of genome-wide association studies accounting for ancestry increases power for discovery and improves fine-mapping resolution

(2017) Reedik Mägi et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Living in an adaptive world: Genomic dissection of the genusHomoand its immune response

(2017) Hélène Quach et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

DNA sequencing at 40: past, present and future

(2017) Jay Shendure et al.   NATURE

Tracing the peopling of the world through genomics

(2017) Rasmus Nielsen et al.   NATURE

Genetic architecture: the shape of the genetic contribution to human traits and disease

(2017) Nicholas J. Timpson et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Harnessing ancient genomes to study the history of human adaptation

(2017) Stephanie Marciniak et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Prioritizing diversity in human genomics research

(2017) Lucia A. Hindorff et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Dissecting evolution and disease using comparative vertebrate genomics

(2017) Jennifer R. S. Meadows et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations

(2017) Nicholas G. Crawford et al.   SCIENCE

Widespread signatures of positive selection in common risk alleles associated to autism spectrum disorder

(2017) Renato Polimanti et al.   PLoS Genetics

Genetic loci associated with coronary artery disease harbor evidence of selection and antagonistic pleiotropy

(2017) Sean G. Byars et al.   PLoS Genetics

Molecular conservation of marsupial and eutherian placentation and lactation

(2017) Michael W Guernsey et al.   eLife

What is a placental mammal anyway?

(2017) Patrick Abbot et al.   eLife

Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease

(2017) Taylor B. Smallwood et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Comparison of Breast Cancer Molecular Features and Survival by African and European Ancestry in The Cancer Genome Atlas

(2017) Dezheng Huo et al.   JAMA Oncology

Antagonistic pleiotropy and mutation accumulation influence human senescence and disease

(2017) Juan Antonio Rodríguez et al.   Nature Ecology & Evolution

Introgression of Neandertal- and Denisovan-like Haplotypes Contributes to Adaptive Variation in Human Toll-like Receptors

(2016) Michael Dannemann et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Genomic Signatures of Selective Pressures and Introgression from Archaic Hominins at Human Innate Immunity Genes

(2016) Matthieu Deschamps et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Genetic Markers of Human Evolution Are Enriched in Schizophrenia

(2016) Saurabh Srinivasan et al.   BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Mutations in Human Accelerated Regions Disrupt Cognition and Social Behavior

(2016) Ryan N. Doan et al.   CELL

Genetic Ancestry and Natural Selection Drive Population Differences in Immune Responses to Pathogens

(2016) Yohann Nédélec et al.   CELL

Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations

(2016) Hélène Quach et al.   CELL

DNA replication stress: from molecular mechanisms to human disease

(2016) Sergio Muñoz et al.   CHROMOSOMA

The Combined Landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans

(2016) Sriram Sankararaman et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

‘Model organisms’ in the light of evolution

(2016) Paul S. Katz   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Archaic Hominin Admixture Facilitated Adaptation to Out-of-Africa Environments

(2016) Rachel M. Gittelman et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Human mitochondrial DNA replication machinery and disease

(2016) Matthew J Young et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT

Human adaptation and evolution by segmental duplication

(2016) Megan Y Dennis et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT

The impact of recent population history on the deleterious mutation load in humans and close evolutionary relatives

(2016) Yuval B Simons et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT

Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study identifies novel locus for type 2 diabetes susceptibility

(2016) James P Cook et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Cancer: A disease at the crossroads of trade-offs

(2016) Camille Jacqueline et al.   Evolutionary Applications

When Is Selection Effective?

(2016) Simon Gravel   GENETICS

Mutation and Human Exceptionalism: Our Future Genetic Load

(2016) M. Lynch   GENETICS

The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression

(2016) Kelley Harris et al.   GENETICS

Model-based analyses of whole-genome data reveal a complex evolutionary history involving archaic introgression in Central African Pygmies

(2016) PingHsun Hsieh et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Selection and explosive growth alter genetic architecture and hamper the detection of causal rare variants

(2016) Lawrence H. Uricchio et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Genomics is failing on diversity

(2016) Alice B. Popejoy et al.   NATURE

A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans

(2016) Ryan L Minster et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Unravelling the human genome–phenome relationship using phenome-wide association studies

(2016) William S. Bush et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Genetic Misdiagnoses and the Potential for Health Disparities

(2016) Arjun K. Manrai et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Variation in the molecular clock of primates

(2016) Priya Moorjani et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Variation of maternal KIR and fetal HLA-C genes in reproductive failure: too early for clinical intervention

(2016) Ashley Moffett et al.   REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE ONLINE

Distribution and clinical impact of functional variants in 50,726 whole-exome sequences from the DiscovEHR study

(2016) Frederick E. Dewey et al.   SCIENCE

Regulatory evolution of innate immunity through co-option of endogenous retroviruses

(2016) E. B. Chuong et al.   SCIENCE

The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals

(2016) C. N. Simonti et al.   SCIENCE

Going global by adapting local: A review of recent human adaptation

(2016) S. Fan et al.   SCIENCE

Exploiting evolutionary principles to prolong tumor control in preclinical models of breast cancer

(2016) Pedro M. Enriquez-Navas et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Challenges and disparities in the application of personalized genomic medicine to populations with African ancestry

(2016) Michael D. Kessler et al.   Nature Communications

The Strength of Selection against Neanderthal Introgression

(2016) Ivan Juric et al.   PLoS Genetics

TP53 copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants

(2016) Michael Sulak et al.   eLife

When Is Selection Effective?

(2016) Simon Gravel   GENETICS

The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression

(2016) Kelley Harris et al.   GENETICS

Drug resistance in eukaryotic microorganisms

(2016) Alan H. Fairlamb et al.   Nature Microbiology

Application of Evolutionary Principles to Cancer Therapy

(2015) P. M. Enriquez-Navas et al.   CANCER RESEARCH

Only humans have human placentas: molecular differences between mice and humans

(2015) André Schmidt et al.   JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY

Genomic and Network Patterns of Schizophrenia Genetic Variation in Human Evolutionary Accelerated Regions

(2015) Ke Xu et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians

(2015) Iain Mathieson et al.   NATURE

No evidence that selection has been less effective at removing deleterious mutations in Europeans than in Africans

(2015) Ron Do et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Genetic variance estimation with imputed variants finds negligible missing heritability for human height and body mass index

(2015) Jian Yang et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Reconstructing ancient genomes and epigenomes

(2015) Ludovic Orlando et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

On the apparent rarity of epithelial cancers in captive chimpanzees: Figure 1.

(2015) Nissi M. Varki et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Polymorphisms of large effect explain the majority of the host genetic contribution to variation of HIV-1 virus load

(2015) Paul J. McLaren et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation

(2015) M. Fumagalli et al.   SCIENCE

Human-specific gene ARHGAP11B promotes basal progenitor amplification and neocortex expansion

(2015) M. Florio et al.   SCIENCE

Cancer: Evolution Within a Lifetime

(2014) Marco Gerlinger et al.   Annual Review of Genetics

Host Adaptation of a Bacterial Toxin from the Human Pathogen Salmonella Typhi

(2014) Lingquan Deng et al.   CELL

Human high-altitude adaptation: forward genetics meets the HIF pathway

(2014) Abigail W. Bigham et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA

(2014) Emilia Huerta-Sánchez et al.   NATURE

The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans

(2014) Sriram Sankararaman et al.   NATURE

Palindromic GOLGA8 core duplicons promote chromosome 15q13.3 microdeletion and evolutionary instability

(2014) Francesca Antonacci et al.   NATURE GENETICS

The deleterious mutation load is insensitive to recent population history

(2014) Yuval B Simons et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Pregnancy and Infection

(2014) Athena P. Kourtis et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Applying evolutionary biology to address global challenges

(2014) S. P. Carroll et al.   SCIENCE

Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes

(2014) B. Vernot et al.   SCIENCE

Biobanks and Electronic Medical Records: Enabling Cost-Effective Research

(2014) E. Bowton et al.   Science Translational Medicine

Trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies: advantages and challenges of mapping in diverse populations

(2014) Yun R Li et al.   Genome Medicine

Common Risk Alleles for Inflammatory Diseases Are Targets of Recent Positive Selection

(2013) Towfique Raj et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Selection and Adaptation in the Human Genome

(2013) Wenqing Fu et al.   Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics

Immunology of the Maternal-Fetal Interface

(2013) Adrian Erlebacher   Annual Review of Immunology

A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes

(2013) Qiaomei Fu et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Evolutionary foundations for cancer biology

(2013) C. Athena Aktipis et al.   Evolutionary Applications

Comparative genomics as a tool to understand evolution and disease

(2013) J. Alfoldi et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Human loci involved in drug biotransformation: worldwide genetic variation, population structure, and pharmacogenetic implications

(2013) Pierpaolo Maisano Delser et al.   HUMAN GENETICS

HIV controllers: a genetically determined or inducible phenotype?

(2013) Asier Sáez-Cirión et al.   IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS

The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains

(2013) Kay Prüfer et al.   NATURE

Cancer Genome Landscapes

(2013) B. Vogelstein et al.   SCIENCE

Generalization and Dilution of Association Results from European GWAS in Populations of Non-European Ancestry: The PAGE Study

(2013) Christopher S. Carlson et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Evolution of Human-Specific Neural SRGAP2 Genes by Incomplete Segmental Duplication

(2012) Megan Y. Dennis et al.   CELL

Evolutionary History and Adaptation from High-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequences of Diverse African Hunter-Gatherers

(2012) Joseph Lachance et al.   CELL

Applying ecological and evolutionary theory to cancer: a long and winding road

(2012) Frédéric Thomas et al.   Evolutionary Applications

Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis

(2012) Dionne P. Robinson et al.   HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR

Cell-intrinsic mechanism involving Siglec-5 associated with divergent outcomes of HIV-1 infection in human and chimpanzee CD4 T cells

(2012) Paula C. Soto et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM

Evolution of genetic and genomic features unique to the human lineage

(2012) Majesta O'Bleness et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Recent Explosive Human Population Growth Has Resulted in an Excess of Rare Genetic Variants

(2012) A. Keinan et al.   SCIENCE

Human Stromal (Mesenchymal) Stem Cells from Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue and Skin Exhibit Differences in Molecular Phenotype and Differentiation Potential

(2012) May Al-Nbaheen et al.   Stem Cell Reviews and Reports

Relating human genetic variation to variation in drug responses

(2012) Ashraf G. Madian et al.   TRENDS IN GENETICS

Disease-associated alleles in genome-wide association studies are enriched for derived low frequency alleles relative to HapMap and neutral expectations

(2011) Joseph Lachance   BMC Medical Genomics

The eMERGE Network: A consortium of biorepositories linked to electronic medical records data for conducting genomic studies

(2011) Catherine A McCarty et al.   BMC Medical Genomics

Immunological regulation of trophoblast invasion

(2011) Astrid Hammer   JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY

Genome-Wide Association Scan in HIV-1-Infected Individuals Identifying Variants Influencing Disease Course

(2011) Daniëlle van Manen et al.   PLoS One

Pathology from evolutionary conflict, with a theory of X chromosome versus autosome conflict over sexually antagonistic traits

(2011) S. A. Frank et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa

(2011) M. F. Hammer et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Peto's Paradox: evolution's prescription for cancer prevention

(2011) Aleah F. Caulin et al.   TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION

Immunology of Pre-Eclampsia

(2010) Christopher W. G. Redman et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY

Phylostratigraphic tracking of cancer genes suggests a link to the emergence of multicellularity in metazoa

(2010) Tomislav Domazet-Lošo et al.   BMC BIOLOGY

EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRAINT AND ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES

(2010) Douglas J. Futuyma   EVOLUTION

Maternal activating KIRs protect against human reproductive failure mediated by fetal HLA-C2

(2010) Susan E. Hiby et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS

(2010) P. M. Sharp et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

AIDS-protective HLA-B*27/B*57 and chimpanzee MHC class I molecules target analogous conserved areas of HIV-1/SIVcpz

(2010) N. G. de Groot et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Uniquely human evolution of sialic acid genetics and biology

(2010) A. Varki   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The F-BAR Domain of srGAP2 Induces Membrane Protrusions Required for Neuronal Migration and Morphogenesis

(2009) Sabrice Guerrier et al.   CELL

Reduction of circulating soluble Flt-1 alleviates preeclampsia-like symptoms in a mouse model

(2009) Astrid Bergmann et al.   JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE

Did natural selection for increased cognitive ability in humans lead to an elevated risk of cancer?

(2009) Gaurav Arora et al.   MEDICAL HYPOTHESES

Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty

(2009) Neil Shubin et al.   NATURE

From evolutionary genetics to human immunology: how selection shapes host defence genes

(2009) Luis B. Barreiro et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures

(2009) Martin F. Flajnik et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Decanalization and the origin of complex disease

(2009) Greg Gibson   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Human-specific evolution of sialic acid targets: Explaining the malignant malaria mystery?

(2009) A. Varki et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The Origins of Multicellularity and the Early History of the Genetic Toolkit For Animal Development

(2008) Antonis Rokas   Annual Review of Genetics

The human progesterone receptor shows evidence of adaptive evolution associated with its ability to act as a transcription factor

(2008) Caoyi Chen et al.   MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Natural selection of FLT1 alleles and their association with malaria resistance in utero

(2008) A. Muehlenbachs et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA