Article
Energy & Fuels
Haoye Liu, Ziyang Li, Mengzhu Zhang, Hongming Xu, Xiao Ma, Shijin Shuai
Summary: The study compares the particle filtration characteristics of TWC and GPF, finding that TWC has significant filtration effects on exhaust particles. While the total filtration efficiency of TWC is lower than that of GPF, it exhibits high efficiency in small and large particle sizes. Factors influencing TWC filtration efficiency include exhaust temperature and flow rate, while GPF efficiency mainly depends on flow rate.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Seungchul Woo, Jungkoo Lee, Kihyung Lee
Summary: With the strengthening of emission regulations, researchers worldwide are studying alternative fuels that can be immediately adopted. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is considered a practical solution, as it emits fewer pollutants and can be used when switching to an electric powertrain is not immediately feasible. However, research on optimizing the performance of LPG conversion engines is still insufficient. This study analyzes the injection characteristics of LPG in a gasoline direct-injection engine, finding that LPG has superior atomization properties compared to gasoline.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Salih Ozer, Usame Demir, Gokhan Coskun
Summary: This study investigated the effects of using the TSI engine with alternative fuels on emissions. The results showed that coolant temperature had a significant impact on emissions. The emissions of liquid DI-TSI LPG fuel were more sensitive to coolant temperature, with higher temperatures leading to decreased HC and CO emissions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Sangjae Park, Ji Yong Shin, Choongsik Bae, Jinyoung Jung, Juhun Lee
Summary: This research investigated particle emissions from a modern turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine through combustion analysis and simultaneous flame visualization. The study found that boosting changed the influence of heterogeneity and flow interaction by sprays, resulting in differences in heat release from combustion and particle generation. Through optimization of injection strategies, combustion phenomena can be controlled to reduce particle emissions in moderate boosted conditions. The results of combustion analysis affecting particle generation can provide clues to reduce particle emissions from T-GDI engines.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Zhiyuan Hu, Zhangying Lu, Bo Song, Yifeng Quan
Summary: This study investigated emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles and analyzed the characteristics of emitted particulate matter (PM), the emission factors of particulate number (PN) and size distribution properties under different test cycles. The results showed that there were differences in emissions among test cycles, with cold start having a significant impact and different sensitivity to start-up conditions. The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) could effectively capture particles, but some test cycles still had high levels of sub-23 nm particle emissions.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ji Yong Shin, Sanguk Lee, Choongsik Bae, Jinyoung Jung, Yousang Son, Hangpyo Heo, Juhun Lee
Summary: This study investigates the impact mechanism of late intake valve closing (LIVC) on particle emissions. The results show that delaying the LIVC timing can reduce particle emissions, increase in-cylinder flow velocity, and decrease the effective compression ratio. By improving mixture formation and initial temperature conditions, the production of particle precursors is reduced, thereby enhancing particle oxidation.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Namho Kim, Jongwon Chung, Joohan Kim, Seokwon Cho, Kyoungdoug Min
Summary: In a direct-injection spark-ignition engine during catalyst heating mode, delaying injection timing has a significant impact on particulate emissions, while increasing injection pressure and split injection numbers can reduce particulate emissions but may also lead to combustion instability.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zezhou Guo, Xiumin Yu, Tao Sang, Zhao Chen, Shike Cui, Mingjia Xu, Longlong Yu
Summary: This study investigated the performance of using ABE direct injection as an alternative to bio-butanol in an SI engine. Results showed that, under specific ABEDIr and lambda, it can effectively improve IMEP, reduce HC and NOx emissions, and decrease particle numbers.
Article
Thermodynamics
Stefan Frommater, Jens Neumann, Christian Hasse
Summary: A phenomenological modelling framework is proposed to simulate engine-out particle emissions of direct-injection gasoline engines based on physical principles. The framework incorporates a multi-zone model with gas-phase reaction kinetics and a stochastic reactor model considering soot formation dynamics, fed by inputs from an engine process simulation. The model accounts for injector deposits, inhomogeneous gaseous mixture preparation, and pyrolysis reactions in different zones.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jie Zhang, John Liggio, Tak W. Chan, Lin Huang, Jeffrey R. Brook
Summary: This study investigated the carbonaceous aerosol emissions from different types of gasoline vehicles under different driving conditions. The results showed that GDI vehicles had higher carbon emissions during cold-start periods, while PFI vehicles had higher emissions during aggressive driving conditions. Additionally, it was found that PFI vehicle emissions were more volatile. Further evaluation of the impact of equipping GDI vehicles with GPF on carbon emissions to the atmosphere, especially considering the formation of secondary organic aerosol, is needed.
AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wiktor Pacura, Katarzyna Szramowiat-Sala, Mariusz Macherzynski, Janusz Golas, Piotr Bielaczyc
Summary: This paper presents a study on solid particles and micro-contaminants in vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from gasoline engines. Various analytical techniques were used to analyze the solid particles, including ion chromatography, gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The study highlights the importance of researching non-regulated compounds and their impact on health and the environment.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ze Liu, Xiumin Yu, Ping Sun, Sichuan Xu
Summary: The study aims to improve the performance of gasoline SI engines under lean burn conditions through dual-injection mode GPI + NDI, leading to increased efficiency and reduced emissions. The GPI + NDI mode achieves stable combustion at lambda = 1.4, broadening the lean burn limit of the gasoline engine at low load.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mengzhu Zhang, Yunshan Ge, Xin Wang, Jianwei Tan, Lijun Hao, Hongming Xu
Summary: The study found that substituting ethanol for some C8 alkanes in gasoline increased particulate number (PN) but decreased particulate mass (PM) emissions. For vehicles using the combined port fuel injection (PFI)/gasoline direct injection (GDI) systems, both PM and PN emissions increased. The concentration of aromatic compounds significantly impacted particulate emissions, with heavy aromatics resulting in multiplied PM and PN emissions for both GDI and combined-injection vehicles.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ze Liu, Ping Sun, Yaodong Du, Xiumin Yu, Wei Dong, Jiangdong Zhou
Summary: This paper investigates the effects of different ethanol-gasoline ratios, direct injection timing, and ignition timing on the combustion and emissions of a SI engine. The results suggest that G25 with EPI + GDI is the best mode for high-efficiency combustion, and G25 with IT = 20°CA BTDC and DIT = 120°CA BTDC is the optimal operating condition for highest torque output. Additionally, particle number emissions show variations with different ethanol-gasoline ratios.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xiumin Yu, Decheng Li, Ping Sun, Guanting Li, Song Yang, Chuanzhao Yao
Summary: This paper investigates the energy and exergy balance of a SI engine working under two different modes under lean-burn conditions. Results show that the cooling water takes an average of 39.40% of the fuel energy in GPI + GDI mode, and 40.70% in GPI + HDI mode. The exergy destruction occupies 56.12% of the fuel exergy in GPI + GDI mode and 54.89% in GPI + HDI mode. Brake thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the engine can be improved by 0.29% and 0.31% in GPI + GDI mode, and 0.56% and 0.71% in GPI + HDI mode at an excess air ratio of 1.1.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yingna Du, Chen Huang, Wei Jiang, Qiangwei Yan, Yongfei Li, Gang Chen
Summary: In this study, anionic surfactants modified hydrotalcite was used as a flow improver for crude oil under low-temperature conditions. The modified hydrotalcite showed a significant viscosity reduction effect on crude oil. The mechanism of the modified hydrotalcite on viscosity and pour point of crude oil was explored through characterization and analysis of the modified hydrotalcite and oil samples.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammad Saeid Rostami, Mohammad Mehdi Khodaei
Summary: In this study, a hybrid structure, MIL-53(Al)@MWCNT, was synthesized by combining MIL-53(Al) particles and -COOH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The hybrid structure was then embedded in a polyethersulfone (PES) polymer matrix to prepare a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation. The addition of MWCNTs prevented MIL-53(Al) aggregation, improved membrane mechanical properties, and enhanced gas separation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yunlong Li, Desheng Huang, Xiaomeng Dong, Daoyong Yang
Summary: This study develops theoretical and experimental techniques to determine the phase behavior and physical properties of DME/flue gas/water/heavy oil systems. Eight constant composition expansion (CCE) tests are conducted to obtain new experimental data. A thermodynamic model is used to accurately predict saturation pressure and swelling factors, as well as the phase boundaries of N2/heavy oil systems and DME/CO2/heavy oil systems, with high accuracy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Morteza Afkhamipour, Ebad Seifi, Arash Esmaeili, Mohammad Shamsi, Tohid N. Borhani
Summary: Non-conventional amines are being researched worldwide to overcome the limitations of traditional amines like MEA and MDEA. Adequate process and thermodynamic models are crucial for understanding the applicability and performance of these amines in CO2 absorption, but studies on process modeling for these amines are limited. This study used rate-based modeling and Deshmukh-Mather method to model CO2 absorption by DETA solution in a packed column, validated the model with experimental data, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of mass transfer correlations. The study also compared the CO2 absorption efficiency of DETA solution with an ionic solvent [bmim]-[PF6] and highlighted the importance of finding optimum operational parameters for maximum absorption efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arastoo Abdi, Mohamad Awarke, M. Reza Malayeri, Masoud Riazi
Summary: The utilization of smart water in EOR operations has gained attention, but more research is needed to understand the complex mechanisms involved. This study investigated the interfacial tension between smart water and crude oil, considering factors such as salt, pH, asphaltene type, and aged smart water. The results revealed that the hydration of ions in smart water plays a key role in its efficacy, with acidic and basic asphaltene acting as intrinsic surfactants. The pH also influenced the interfacial tension, and the aged smart water's interaction with crude oil depended on asphaltene type, salt, and salinity.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongao Zhu, Kun Zhu, Lixian Xu, Haiyan Huang, Jing He, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li, Wei Jiang
Summary: In this study, cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-based MOFs) were used as supports and co-catalysts to confine the NHPI catalyst, solving the leaching issue. The NHPI@Co-MOF with carboxyl groups exhibited stronger acidity and facilitated the generation of active oxygen radicals O2•, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into the selection of suitable organic linkers and broadens the research horizon of MOF hybrids in efficient oxidative desulfurization (ODS) applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Edwin G. Hoyos, Gloria Amo-Duodu, U. Gulsum Kiral, Laura Vargas-Estrada, Raquel Lebrero, Rail Munoz
Summary: This study investigated the impact of carbon-coated zero-valent nanoparticle concentration on photosynthetic biogas upgrading. The addition of nanoparticles significantly increased microalgae productivity and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation. The presence of nanoparticles also improved the quality of biomethane produced.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yao Xiao, Asma Leghari, Linfeng Liu, Fangchao Yu, Ming Gao, Lu Ding, Yu Yang, Xueli Chen, Xiaoyu Yan, Fuchen Wang
Summary: Iron is added as a flocculant in wastewater treatment and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sludge produces wastewater containing Fe. This study investigates the effect of aqueous phase (AP) recycling on hydrochar properties, iron evolution and environmental assessment during HTC of sludge. The results show that AP recycling process improves the dewatering performance of hydrochar and facilitates the recovery of Fe from the liquid phase.
Article
Energy & Fuels
He Liang, Tao Wang, Zhenmin Luo, Jianliang Yu, Weizhai Yi, Fangming Cheng, Jingyu Zhao, Xingqing Yan, Jun Deng, Jihao Shi
Summary: This study investigated the influence of inhibitors (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and heptafluoropropane) on the lower flammability limit of hydrogen and determined the critical inhibitory concentration needed for complete suppression. The impact of inhibitors on explosive characteristics was evaluated, and the inhibitory mechanism was analyzed with chemical kinetics. The results showed that with the increase of inhibitor quantity, the lower flammability limit of hydrogen also increased. The research findings can contribute to the safe utilization of hydrogen energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zonghui Liu, Zhongze Zhang, Yali Zhou, Ziling Wang, Mingyang Du, Zhe Wen, Bing Yan, Qingxiang Ma, Na Liu, Bing Xue
Summary: In this study, high-performance solid catalysts based on phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Zr-SBA-15 were synthesized and evaluated for the one-pot conversion of furfural (FUR) to γ-valerolactone (GVL). The catalysts were characterized using various techniques, and the ratio of HPW and Zr was found to significantly affect the selectivity of GVL. The HPW/Zr-SBA-15 (2-4-15) catalyst exhibited the highest GVL yield (83%) under optimized reaction conditions, and it was determined that a balance between Bronsted acid sites (BAS) and Lewis acid sites (LAS) was crucial for achieving higher catalytic performance. The reaction parameters and catalyst stability were also investigated.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Michael Stoehr, Stephan Ruoff, Bastian Rauch, Wolfgang Meier, Patrick Le Clercq
Summary: As part of the global energy transition, an experimental study was conducted to understand the effects of different fuel properties on droplet vaporization for various conventional and alternative fuels. The study utilized a flow channel to measure the evolution of droplet diameters over time and distance. The results revealed the temperature-dependent effects of physical properties, such as boiling point, liquid density, and enthalpy of vaporization, and showed the complex interactions of preferential vaporization and temperature-dependent influences of physical properties for multi-component fuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuan Zhuang, Ruikang Wu, Xinyan Wang, Rui Zhai, Changyong Gao
Summary: Through experimental validation and optimization of the chemical kinetic model, it was found that methanol can accelerate the oxidation reaction of ammonia, and methanol can be rapidly oxidized at high concentration. HO2 was found to generate a significant amount of OH radicals, facilitating the oxidation of methanol and ammonia. Rating: 7.5/10.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Radwan M. EL-Zohairy, Ahmed S. Attia, A. S. Huzayyin, Ahmed I. EL-Seesy
Summary: This paper presents a lab-scale experimental study on the impact of diethyl ether (DEE) as an additive to waste cooking oil biodiesel with Jet A-1 on combustion and emission features of a swirl-stabilized premixed flame. The addition of DEE to biodiesel significantly affects the flame temperature distribution and emissions. The W20D20 blend of DEE, biodiesel, and Jet A-1 shows similar flame temperature distribution to Jet A-1 and significantly reduces UHC, CO, and NOx emissions compared to Jet A-1.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiang Bian, Ziyuan Zhao, Yang Liu, Ran Cheng, Xuerui Zang, Xuewen Cao
Summary: This study presents a novel method for ammonia separation using supersonic flow and develops a mathematical model to investigate the condensation phenomenon. The results demonstrate that the L-P nucleation model accurately characterizes the nucleation process of ammonia at low temperatures. Numerical simulations also show that increasing pressure and concentration can enhance ammonia condensation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shiyuan Pan, Xiaodan Shi, Beibei Dong, Jan Skvaril, Haoran Zhang, Yongtu Liang, Hailong Li
Summary: Integrating CO2 capture with biomass-fired combined heat and power (bio-CHP) plants is a promising method for achieving negative emissions. This study develops a reliable data-driven model based on the Transformer architecture to predict the flowrate and CO2 concentration of flue gas in real time. The model validation shows high prediction accuracy, and the potential impact of meteorological parameters on model accuracy is assessed. The results demonstrate that the Transformer model outperforms other models and using near-infrared spectral data as input features improves the prediction accuracy.