Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Ju Liu, Guoyang Xie, Qin Xiong, Dan Mu, Hengyi Xu
Summary: A simple and sensitive fluorescent turn-off aptasensor was developed for detecting viable Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. The sensor showed good performance and specificity in detecting the pathogen within 3 hours in both pure culture and formula samples.
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Yuan-song Zhang, Xuechao Xu, Juanli Yang, Mengyuan Tan, Wenyuan Zhou, Lu Gao, Zhen-quan Yang
Summary: In this study, a chromogenic system based on phage-directed immobilized nanozyme was developed for colorimetric measurement of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula (PIF). The method showed high specificity and low detection limit, successfully detecting C. sakazakii and achieving good recovery rates.
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Zhanwen Zheng, Yawen Xie, Sheng Ma, Junhong Tu, Jiahui Li, Sen Liang, Yunfeng Xu, Chao Shi
Summary: The study demonstrated that 405-nm LED light effectively inactivated C. sakazakii in PIF, reducing its tolerance to various environmental stressors. LED illumination also downregulated the transcription levels of tolerance-associated genes and caused damage to bacterial cell membranes. This suggests the potential of 405-nm LED technology in preventing and controlling pathogens in food processing and storage environments.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Babak Pakbin, Wolfram Manuel Bruck, Samaneh Allahyari, John W. A. Rossen, Razzagh Mahmoudi
Summary: This study investigated the prevalence, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness of C. sakazakii strains isolated from powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) samples collected in Tehran, Iran. The results showed a high prevalence rate of C. sakazakii in PIFM samples, with high resistance to multiple antibiotics and a diverse genetic profile. The study highlights the need for novel microbial surveillance systems to control the contamination of this foodborne pathogen in infant foods.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Shijue Gao, Chongzhen Sun, Hanlu Hong, Ravi Gooneratne, Anthony Mutukumira, Xiyang Wu
Summary: In this study, a novel detection method was developed to effectively differentiate viable from dead bacteria, particularly in the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in food samples. The method demonstrated faster and more accurate results compared to traditional culture-based methods, making it suitable for detecting complex food samples.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Geng Zou, Libere Ndayishimiye, Lingxiang Xin, Manshan Cai, Longjian Zhang, Jie Li, Zhiyong Song, Renwei Wu, Yang Zhou, Yuanguo Shi, Yingwang Ye, Rui Zhou, Jinquan Li
Summary: In this study, a phage termed LPCS28 with a broad lysis spectrum against C. sakazakii was isolated from environmental water samples. LPCS28 showed high thermal stability, with no significant decrease in titer after heating at 60 degrees C for one hour. Upon thermal processing at 63 degrees C for 30 min, LPCS28 effectively inhibited C. sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula and liquid milk, reducing its concentration to below the limit of detection within 9 h at 37 degrees C. Phylogenetic analysis classified LPCS28 as a new genus, Nanhuvirus, within the family Straboviridae. These results highlight the potential of LPCS28 as a biological control agent against pathogenic C. sakazakii in the dairy industry.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Lihan Wang, Xinyi Pang, Jiayuan Zhao, Haonan Jin, Xinyan Yang, Shiqian Fu, Shasha Cheng, Hongxuan Li, Chao Miao, Chaoxin Man, Yujun Jiang
Summary: JK004 is a novel virulent phage isolated from the native environment of C. sakazakii, known for its tolerance to heat, pH, and osmotic-stress. It shows excellent antibacterial activity against C. sakazakii and biofilms, without containing any known virulence, transduction, or antibiotic resistance genes, indicating its safety for practical applications in food production. The study suggests the potential of JK004 as an effective strategy for controlling C. sakazakii.
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Rajni Chauhan, Ben D. Tall, Gopal Gopinath, Wamik Azmi, Gunjan Goel
Summary: This article reviews the factors and strategies responsible for the survival and persistence of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula (PIF), focusing on thermal resistance, antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance, virulence potential, and stress-associated gene expression. This pathogen poses a high risk to neonates and its ability to survive in low-moisture foods is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Yanpeng Yang, Sheng Ma, Kailun Guo, Du Guo, Jiahui Li, Muxue Wang, Yutang Wang, Chunling Zhang, Xiaodong Xia, Chao Shi
Summary: This study found that combined LED illumination and citral treatment can effectively reduce the abundance of C. sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. The combination treatment also destroys cellular morphology and membrane integrity, and induces lipid peroxidation. Neither LED illumination nor citral treatment results in DNA breakdown in C. sakazakii.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Doyeon Kim, Minsik Kim
Summary: In this study, we developed a bioluminescent reporter bacteriophage for rapid and specific detection of Cronobacter sakazakii (Cs) in food and food processing environments.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Shiqian Fu, Xue Qin, Zhenghui Wang, Xinyan Yang, Sihan Chen, Tao Yang, Haonan Jin, Chaoxin Man, Yujun Jiang
Summary: This study utilized whole genome sequence analysis to identify unique DNA fragments of C. sakazakii, designing specific and stable primers for detection using LAMP and PCR techniques. By combining LAMP with LFD, a rapid and highly specific method for detecting C. sakazakii was developed, showing potential for use in detecting the pathogen in powdered infant formula.
JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Emily E. Jackson, Nathalie Gnanou Besse, Rabeb Bennour Hennekinne, Timothy Ells, Michel Laurentie, Thomas Meheut, Stephen J. Forsythe
Summary: This study reports the sequence types of Cronobacter sakazakii strains and investigates the correlation between sequence type and growth rate. The results suggest that there is no strong correlation between the two factors.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Jae-Ik Lee, Sang-Soon Kim, Dong-Hyun Kang
Summary: In this study, the effect of desiccation stress on the transcriptomic and phenotypic changes of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 was investigated. The addition of glucose or lactose to the growth medium induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and altered the membrane lipids, making C. sakazakii more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The transcriptome and phenotype of C. sakazakii were found to be influenced by the nutritional materials used to cultivate the pathogen.
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Xin Gan, Menghan Li, Shaofei Yan, Xiaofei Wang, Wei Wang, Fengqin Li
Summary: The study found that Cronobacter sakazakii from powdered infant formula manufacturing factories in China are mostly pan-susceptible with weak biofilm-forming abilities. The isolates, mostly ST64, exhibited clinical relevance and shared a close genetic background, indicating possible cross-contamination events between processing rooms and external environments.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Hye Ri Kim, Myunghee Kim, Byoung Chan Kim
Summary: In this study, C. sakazakii-specific aptamers were isolated using a centrifugation-based partitioning method, which showed high affinity and specificity for the pathogen. Among the two aptamers isolated, SC25 displayed efficient detection of C. sakazakii in powdered infant formula with less cross-reactivity, potentially reducing overall testing time compared to traditional methods.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Federica Palma, Nicolas Radomski, Alizee Guerin, Yann Sevellec, Benjamin Felix, Arnaud Bridier, Christophe Soumet, Sophie Roussel, Laurent Guillier
Summary: The study found that mobile elements were associated with biocide tolerance in Lm strains. These elements, including prophage-related loci, the Tn6188_qacH transposon, and pLMST6_emrC plasmid, were widespread in food strains and linked to tolerance to benzalkonium-chloride and didecyldimethylammonium-chloride. Additionally, genes encoding for cell-surface proteins were associated with tolerance to benzalkonium-chloride and polymeric biguanide.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
E. Baeza, L. Guillier, M. Petracci
Summary: Poultry meat mainly comes from standard production systems, but alternative systems using outdoor rearing conditions can also be found. These different production systems can affect the quality of meat, which is determined by various factors and can have potential conflicts between different quality dimensions. Outdoor access positively impacts image and nutritional properties, but also increases exposure risks to environmental contaminants and diseases.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
S. Prache, N. Schreurs, L. Guillier
Summary: This article critically reviews factors affecting sheep carcass and meat quality, breaking down quality into six core attributes. It identifies critical periods and key factors, highlights methodological difficulties in predicting organoleptic attributes, and points out potential antagonisms between different dimensions of quality.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
S. Prache, C. Adamiec, T. Astruc, E. Baeza-Campone, P. E. Bouillot, A. Clinquart, C. Feidt, E. Fourat, J. Gautron, A. Girard, L. Guillier, E. Kesse-Guyot, B. Lebret, F. Lefevre, S. Le Perchec, B. Martin, P. S. Mirade, F. Pierre, M. Raulet, D. Remond, P. Sans, I. Souchon, C. Donnars, V. Sante-Lhoutellier
Summary: This article critically reviews the current state of knowledge on the quality of animal-source foods and highlights the importance of different quality attributes. It also discusses the antagonisms and synergies among quality attributes and between production and processing stages. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of scientific collaboration to address research gaps and provides recommendations for future research and policy actions.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
J. Gautron, C. Dombre, F. Nau, C. Feidt, L. Guillier
Summary: Chicken eggs, a significant agricultural product, have a high global production and demand. The production methods of eggs have undergone changes, with an increasing number of eggs being produced in free-range systems. This development presents both risks and benefits, impacting the quality of eggs and egg products.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
A. Clinquart, M. P. Ellies-Oury, J. F. Hocquette, L. Guillier, V. Sante-Lhoutellier, S. Prache
Summary: This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on beef carcass and meat quality, emphasizing the on-farm and processing factors that contribute to its high and inconsistent variability. The diversity of livestock systems, as well as farming practices, significantly influence the sensory, nutritional, technological, and image quality attributes of meat. Additionally, pre-slaughter, slaughter, and post-slaughter conditions play a crucial role in the microbiological, sensory, technological, and image quality attributes of beef. However, the interactions between on-farm and slaughter or processing factors are often neglected in quality grading schemes in European countries.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Emeline Cherchame, Laurent Guillier, Renaud Lailler, Marie-Leone Vignaud, Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva, Simon Le Hello, Francois-Xavier Weill, Sabrina Cadel-Six
Summary: This study presents a method to analyze outbreaks caused by Salmonella Welikade, a less common serovar, by using core genome MLST (cgMLST) analysis and SNP phylogenetic analysis. The results show that both methods are effective in clustering strains, but SNP analysis provides a better assessment of genetic distance among strains. The study also increases knowledge on the poorly described serovar and contributes to public genome databases.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Benjamin Felix, Yann Sevellec, Federica Palma, Pierre Emmanuel Douarre, Arnaud Felten, Nicolas Radomski, Ludovic Mallet, Yannick Blanchard, Aurelie Leroux, Christophe Soumet, Arnaud Bridier, Pascal Piveteau, Eliette Ascensio, Michel Hebraud, Renata Karpiskova, Tereza Gelbicova, Marina Torresi, Francesco Pomilio, Cesare Camma, Adriano Di Pasquale, Taran Skjerdal, Ariane Pietzka, Werner Ruppitsch, Monica Ricao Canelhas, Bojan Papic, Ana Hurtado, Bart Wullings, Hana Bulawova, Hanna Castro, Miia Lindstrom, Hannu Korkeala, Zanete Steingolde, Toomas Kramarenko, Lenka Cabanova, Barbara Szymczak, Manfred Gareis, Verena Oswaldi, Elisabet Marti, Anne-Mette Seyfarth, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Laurent Guillier, Sophie Roussel
Summary: Listeria monocytogenes is a common bacterium that causes serious foodborne illness. Understanding its adaptation mechanisms in food is important for improving food safety. A dataset of genomes from Lm strains collected in 19 European countries was constructed, providing insights into Lm ecology and aiding in surveillance efforts. This dataset serves as a basis for discovering genetic traits underlying Lm adaptation to different ecological niches.
Article
Microbiology
Yann Sevellec, Eliette Ascencio, Pierre-Emmanuel Douarre, Benjamin Felix, Laurent Gal, Dominique Garmyn, Laurent Guillier, Pascal Piveteau, Sophie Roussel
Summary: This study investigated the fitness of Listeria monocytogenes strains in soil and found that soil fitness was mainly associated with genomic variations, particularly genes coding for membrane proteins, transcription regulators, stress resistance genes, proteins related to motility, and phage-related genes.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Matthias Filter, Maarten Nauta, Sara M. Pires, Laurent Guillier, Tasja Buschhardt
Summary: Food microbiology researchers, risk assessment agencies, and food business operators face challenges in reusing data, models, and tools. The RAKIP Initiative has developed the FSKX knowledge exchange format and accompanying open-source software to facilitate knowledge sharing and application.
CURRENT OPINION IN FOOD SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Cedric Saint Martin, Gregory Jubelin, Maud Darsonval, Sabine Leroy, Charlene Leneveu-Jenvrin, Ghaya Hmidene, Lysiane Omhover, Valerie Stahl, Laurent Guillier, Romain Briandet, Mickael Desvaux, Florence Dubois-Brissonnet
Summary: This review provides an overview of the spatiotemporal drivers of phenotypic heterogeneity of bacterial pathogens in complex food systems at a single-cell level. The heterogeneity can be categorized into genotypic heterogeneity, physiological heterogeneity, and cellular heterogeneity, and mathematical models are used to predict bacterial behavior for ensuring microbiological food safety.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Francois Meurens, Frederic Carlin, Michel Federighi, Maria-Eleni Filippitzi, Matthieu Fournier, Philippe Fravalo, Jean-Pierre Ganiere, Lionel Grisot, Laurent Guillier, Didier Hilaire, Pauline Kooh, Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu, Caroline Le Marechal, Christelle Mazuet, Herve Morvan, Karine Petit, Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt, Cedric Woudstra
Summary: Clostridium botulinum is the main pathogen causing botulism in humans and animals. Different toxinotypes of the bacteria affect different species, with types A, B, and E being commonly found in humans, and types C, D, C/D, and D/C mainly affecting birds and cattle. However, the knowledge about these less common toxinotypes and their impact on animal and human health is limited. This review presents the current understanding of toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry, including their epidemiological cycles and zoonotic potential.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Muhammad Tanveer Munir, Narjes Mtimet, Laurent Guillier, Francois Meurens, Phillipe Fravalo, Michel Federighi, Pauline Kooh
Summary: This review provides information on Clostridium botulinum and its toxins, and discusses the use of physical treatments to control this biological hazard in food. While thermal inactivation remains the standard for commercial sterilization, recent advancements in non-thermal technologies show promise with some limitations.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Ngoc-Du Martin Luong, Laurent Guillier, Michel Federighi, Yvonnick Guillois, Pauline Kooh, Anne-Laure Maillard, Mathilde Pivette, Geraldine Boue, Sandra Martin-Latil, Estelle Chaix, Steven Duret
Summary: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, contamination clusters were reported in food-processing plants worldwide. This paper presents a simulation-based approach to study viral transmission and prevent contamination in such environments. The results showed that increasing mask-wearing ratio and maintaining distance between workers effectively reduced the probability of cluster occurrence and food contamination. This approach has potential applications in communication-support tools for the agri-food sector and other occupational environments.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Madeleine De Sousa Violante, Gaetan Podeur, Valerie Michel, Laurent Guillier, Nicolas Radomski, Renaud Lailler, Simon Le Hello, Francois-Xavier Weill, Michel-Yves Mistou, Ludovic Mallet
Summary: This study presents a retrospective genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Dublin outbreaks in France between 2015 and 2017. The analysis reveals the importance of geographical distance, transformation steps, and genomic diversity in the evolution of S. Dublin populations. The study also highlights the effectiveness of bacterial surveillance in representing diversity.
NAR GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Lihan Huang, Nurul Hawa Ahmad, Vijay Juneja, Erika Stapp-Kamotani, Jose Gabiola, Udit Minocha, Robert Phillips, Marie Hooker, Isabel Walls, Kim Cook, James Lindsay
Summary: This study investigated the growth kinetics of foodborne pathogen B. cereus during the commercial production of liquid egg yolk using PLA(2) treatment. The results showed that B. cytotoxicus NVH391-98 can grow prolifically at 50 degrees C, with estimated minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures of 16.7-18.5, 47.8-48.1, and 52.1-52.4 degrees C, respectively. The dynamic model was validated with isothermal curves and it was found that holding the temperature below 15 degrees C or above 55 degrees C can effectively prevent the growth of B. cytotoxicus in egg yolk.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Giacomo Mantegazza, Robin Duncan, Nicolo Telesca, Giorgio Gargari, Susanna Perotti, Patrizia Riso, Simone Guglielmetti
Summary: This study investigates whether salad-associated LAB can survive the gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and contribute to the gut microbiota. The results suggest that salad-associated LAB can survive in the gastrointestinal tract, but their quantity does not significantly alter the composition of the gut microbiota.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Itsaso Baztarrika, Adrian Salazar-Sanchez, Lorena Laorden, Ilargi Martinez-Ballesteros, Rodrigo Alonso, Irati Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
Summary: The infection mechanisms of Arcobacter are still uncertain. This study found that Arcobacter isolates from food and water sources were able to adhere and invade Caco-2 cells, and carried at least two virulence markers. A. butzleri showed higher virulent activity compared to A. cryaerophilus, while A. lanthieri, A. skirrowii, and A. vitoriensis exhibited even higher adhesion and invasion values. Sewage isolates were more adherent and invasive, and had a higher gene content. The association between cadF and hecA with high adhesion capability was identified for the first time.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Balaji Sundararaman, Karen Shapiro, Andrea Packham, Lauren E. Camp, Rachel S. Meyer, Beth Shapiro, Richard E. Green
Summary: Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can cause food and waterborne diseases, and surveillance methods are needed. In this study, CNER method was used to prepare enrichment baits for difficult-to-grow pathogens. This method allows direct sequencing of pathogens from samples.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Guanghui Zhou, Pengcheng Dong, Xin Luo, Lixian Zhu, Yanwei Mao, Yunge Liu, Yimin Zhang
Summary: Interactions between bacterial species in the formation of dual-species biofilms in the food industry are affected by environmental stresses, such as temperature and pH. This study found that the combination of cold and acid stresses significantly increased biofilm formation, and different temperatures resulted in variations in the presence of specific bacterial species and the secretion of extracellular substances. The findings provide valuable insights for addressing mixed biofilms in food processing under diverse stressful conditions.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Carmen Sanchez, Sonia Garde, Jose Maria Landete, Javier Calzada, Dave J. Baker, Rhiannon Evans, Arjan Narbad, Melinda J. Mayer, Marta Avila
Summary: This study sequenced and compared the genomes of bacteriophages active against C. tyrobutyricum, identifying novel species and phage proteins. A phage showed high lytic activity against C. tyrobutyricum cells and remained stable under different environmental conditions. Additionally, engineered strains successfully delivered endolysin and fluorescent protein to dairy products without affecting their technological properties.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Danai Etter, Michael Biggel, Mariella Greutmann, Nicole Cernela, Sophia Johler
Summary: Bacillus cytotoxicus is a thermotolerant bacterium that is linked to rare but sometimes fatal cases of diarrheal disease. It is mostly found in dehydrated foods containing potato starch or insects and may be missed in routine screening.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Tong Jin, Xiangjun Zhan, Liuxin Pang, Bo Peng, Xinpeng Zhang, Wenxiu Zhu, Baowei Yang, Xiaodong Xia
Summary: The study found that CpxAR TCS is an important regulatory mechanism for the virulence of C. sakazakii. Mutants showed weakened adhesion, invasion, and survival ability, and exhibited attenuated virulence in animal models. In addition, CpxAR TCS is involved in regulating the expression of genes associated with bacterial virulence and cellular invasion.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Soo-Hwan Kim, Sang-Hyun Park, Jun-Bae Ahn, Dong-Hyun Kang
Summary: In this study, a semi continuous SHS system was developed to inactivate foodborne pathogens on radish seed surfaces and enhance the seeds' salinity tolerance. The results showed that higher temperature and more treatments led to a significant reduction in microbial count on the seed surface.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Yujun Zhai, Weina Tian, Kewei Chen, Linshu Lan, Jianquan Kan, Hui Shi
Summary: This research investigates the role of flagella-related genes in the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 and the effects of certain cations on bacterial adhesion and motility. The results demonstrate that flagellar-mediated motility is critical in the early stage of adhesion, and the presence of Fe2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ affects the adhesion and motility of wildtype strains but not flagellar function-impaired strains. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion and have implications for the development of anti-adhesion agents.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mariana Marggraf, Andrea Barac, Jens Andre Hammerl, Stefan Hertwig
Summary: Isolating Yersinia enterocolitica from food is challenging due to overgrowth by other microflora and the lack of a selective medium. The authors improved the standard isolation procedure, resulting in a more sensitive method, reduced background bacteria, and time savings.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Rafael D. Chaves, Samuel H. Kumazawa, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Veronica O. Alvarenga, Humberto M. Hungaro, Anderson S. Sant'Ana
Summary: This study investigated the susceptibility to sanitizers and biofilm-forming ability of 43 Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes strains on stainless steel surfaces. The results showed variations in susceptibility to sanitizers and biofilm resistance among different strains of the pathogens, with chlorine compounds being more effective in inactivating planktonic cells and biofilms.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
So Yeong Mun, Wooje Lee, Soo-Young Lee, Ji Yoon Chang, Hae Choon Chang
Summary: This study reveals that lactobacilli with a strong defense system dominate the final stage of kimchi fermentation and proposes a model for the succession mechanism of kimchi lactobacilli.