Article
Engineering, Chemical
Vinod V. Kenekar, Suhas B. Ghugare, Veena Patil-Shinde
Summary: This study investigates the effects of influential process parameters on the critical process and quality attributes of granules in high-shear wet granulation (HSWG). The drying characteristics of wet granules from HSWG experiments were analyzed using Page's equation, resulting in a good fit with R2 values above 0.95 for all batches. Nonlinear models based on response surface methodology (RSM) effectively predicted the drying time, flow angle of repose, and surface mean diameter of the granules, with high correlation coefficients above 0.93. Multi-objective constrained grid-search (MOCGS) optimization was employed to optimize the HSWG process, achieving minimum drying time of 23 min, minimum flow angle of repose of granules at 21 degrees, and maximum surface mean diameter of the granules at 0.62 mm for a batch size of 1.8 kg.
Article
Thermodynamics
Agustami Sitorus, Novrinaldi, Satya Andika Putra, Irwin Syahri Cebro, Ramayanty Bulan
Summary: The study investigated the drying kinetic model of paddy under different capacities drying conditions in a swirling fluidized bed (SFB) dryer. The results showed that the drying rate of paddy decreased as the drying time increased in all treatment capacities evaluated. Among the models examined, the linear-plus-exponential model was able to describe the paddy drying kinetics using the SFB dryer effectively.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
L. Vandevivere, P. Denduyver, C. Portier, O. Hausler, T. De Beer, C. Vervaet, V. Vanhoorne
Summary: This study investigated the impact of different binder types on the drying process and breakage behavior of granules. It was found that the binder type did not affect granule breakage during drying, but differences were observed during pneumatic transport. Additionally, the liquid requirements played a crucial role in the drying process and were dependent on the chosen binder.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Binbin Chen, Panling Huang, Jun Zhou, Mindong Li
Summary: This study proposed a novel stacking ensemble method to predict granule moisture, utilizing multiple machine learning algorithms as base learners and improving prediction performance through feature construction and combination of DNNs with different numbers of hidden layers.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Yinqiang Song, Tuo Zhou, Ruiqi Bai, Man Zhang, Hairui Yang
Summary: Wet fluidized bed granulation and coating processes are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The complex gas-solid flow and heat and mass transfer in these processes make it difficult to have complete control over the apparatuses. Computational fluid dynamics coupled with the discrete element method (CFD-DEM) provides a useful tool to study the gas-solid hydrodynamics of these processes. This review introduces the theory of CFD-DEM, its application in simulating wet fluidized bed granulation and coating, and discusses its role in resolving issues and future developments.
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Francis Gagnon, Andre Desbiens, Eric Poulin, Jocelyn Bouchard, Pierre-Philippe Lapointe-Garant
Summary: This paper examines the impact of advanced process control on the operation efficiency and product quality in wet granulation lines. The results show that using an economic model predictive controller or a classical predictive control framework can significantly reduce energy consumption and improve product quality.
JOURNAL OF PROCESS CONTROL
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hanyu Jin, Qiang Wu, Shuai Wang, Yurong He
Summary: In this study, the mass and heat transfer behaviors of ellipsoid wet particles in a fluidized bed dryer were investigated using the CFD-DEM method. The heat transfer mechanisms caused by contact, convection, and liquid bridge were analyzed. The study found that a reduction in liquid content weakens the heat flow between particles, and the agglomeration of non-spherical particles during the drying process leads to a lower drying rate.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Alexander Ryckaert, Michael Ghijs, Christoph Portier, Dejan Djuric, Adrian Funke, Chris Vervaet, Thomas De Beer
Summary: This study investigated the impact of the drying unit on granule size and quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing, comparing different scale systems. Breakage and attrition phenomena varied during the transport, filling, and drying processes of wet granules in different stages.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Qiuya Tu, Zhiyang Ma, Haigang Wang
Summary: The wet particle drying process in a fluidized bed dryer is studied using a two-fluid model coupled with mass and heat transfer. Online electrical capacitance tomography and offline moisture meter are used for measurement. The drying rate varies at different stages, and the particle temperature increases gradually and remains constant. The internal circulation and the mass and heat transfer mainly occur in the lower part of the dryer and at the contact region between bubbles and solids phase.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhiyang Ma, Qiuya Tu, Zaixing Liu, Yi Xu, Ruihuan Ge, Haigang Wang
Summary: Wet granules drying in a fluidized bed involves complex heat and mass transfer processes. A CFD-DEM model was used to study the flow characteristics and transfer processes in this drying process. The model considered the variation of liquid bridge force with granule moisture content and was validated by experimental data. Pseudo 2D simulations were conducted for the entire drying process, followed by 3D simulations at specific moisture contents to investigate flow dynamics in more detail. The effects of granule number and changing liquid bridge force on the drying process were analyzed. Granule agglomeration occurred at high moisture content due to the liquid bridge force, affecting pressure and bed height fluctuations. Heat and mass exchange mainly occurred at the interface between the gas and solid phases.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Sara Nanvakenari, Kamyar Movagharnejad, Asefeh Latifi
Summary: This study investigated the effects of infrared and microwave power, air velocity, and temperature on the drying process of rice in a hybrid dryer. The results showed that the hybrid system significantly improved the moisture removal rate, head rice yield, and reduced the energy consumption compared to a single fluidized bed dryer. The optimum drying conditions were determined to achieve the best rice quality and efficiency.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Renan Alex Lazarin, Rodolfo Campos Zanin, Mariah Benine Ramos Silva, Elza Iouko Ida, Michele Nehemy Berteli, Louise Emy Kurozawa
Summary: This study investigated the effectiveness of microwave-assisted rotating-pulsed fluidized bed for drying okara and its impact on bioactive compounds. The results showed that microwave radiation can accelerate the moisture loss in okara and achieve equilibrium moisture content earlier. In addition, microwave radiation was able to partially inactivate trypsin inhibitors in okara due to the higher temperatures inside the drying chamber. However, the higher temperatures also led to increased losses of isoflavones, necessitating further research to optimize the process parameters for preserving isoflavones and promoting their interconversion.
FOOD AND BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Dong-Hyun Lim, Andres Letona, Minjeong Lee, Dayoung Lim, Nam-Soo Han, Donghwa Chung
Summary: The probiotic powder of poor flowability prepared by spray drying reconstituted skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was granulated using fluidized-bed granulation. The addition of skim milk powder and moisture activation improved the performance of the granulation process, leading to increased yield and narrower particle size distribution. The granules showed a popcorn-type structure and contained viable LGG cells, exhibiting better flowability and dispersibility than the original spray-dried powder.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lisa Mielke, Andreas Bueck, Evangelos Tsotsas
Summary: This work presents a multi-chamber and multi-compartment model of a horizontal fluidized bed apparatus for layering granulation, coating, and drying. The characteristics of particle exchange rates between individual process chambers are determined, and a drying model is presented taking into account various factors such as initial droplet size and contact angle. A parametric study is carried out to explore how construction or process parameters affect product quality.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Liang Zhong, Lele Gao, Lian Li, Lei Nie, Hui Zhang, Zhongyu Sun, Ruiqi Huang, Zhaobang Zhou, Wenping Yin, Hui Wang, Hengchang Zang
Summary: The study focuses on the stability of the feedback control system for a fluidized bed granulation process. Two strategies of dynamic moisture control (DMC) and static moisture control (SMC) were examined, and DMC method showed significantly better performance on quality consistency control. Furthermore, the implemented DMC method demonstrated robustness by producing predetermined target moisture values.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Julia F. Alopaeus, Anja Goebel, Joerg Breitkreutz, Sverre Arne Sande, Ingunn Tho
Summary: The study aimed to enhance the solubility of two lipophilic model drugs by forming inclusion complexes with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin while hindering taste sensation. The inclusion complexes showed improved taste perception compared to plain drugs, indicating successful tastemasking.
JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Olga Kiefer, Bjoern Fischer, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: Individualized medicine is gaining attention in pharmaceutical research, requiring new concepts and manufacturing technologies. The combination of orodispersible films and inkjet printing technology provides precise and acceptable doses of MPT for pediatric use. Uniform dosages can be achieved, but considerations are needed for implementation of inkjet printing in pharmaceutical production due to nozzle aging affecting printed quantity.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Martin Mueller, Florian Platten, Martin Dulle, Bjorn Fischer, Werner Hoheisel, Peter Serno, Stefan Egelhaaf, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: The precipitation process and physicochemical properties of precipitates formed by regorafenib in amorphous solid dispersions were investigated. Different crystalline and amorphous precipitates were identified, and the controlled formation of defined amorphous structures in-vivo could be a promising future drug formulation strategy.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Anja Goebel, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: This paper presents a modification of the solvent casting technique to divide oral films into multiple compartments, aiming to improve handling properties, safety of application, drug release kinetics, and long-term stability. Feasibility studies showed that combination of different film-forming polymers can achieve these objectives.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Rebecca Chamberlain, Hellen Windolf, Simon Geissler, Julian Quodbach, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: The aim of this research was to produce low-dosed filaments via hot-melt extrusion (HME) with a model drug for Parkinson's disease treatment. It was found that deviation from target drug concentration occurred due to degradation products in certain formulations. Material temperature and the formation of anhydrous drug in the extruded filaments should be considered for the calculation of recovered API. The study showed that equilibrium condition for drug content was reached relatively late in the process, and the calculated RSD by Stange-Poole equation can be used to evaluate the deviations of drug content in equilibrium conditions.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Rebecca Chamberlain, Hellen Windolf, Bjoern B. Burckhardt, Joerg Breitkreutz, Bjoern Fischer
Summary: Individual dosing of pharmaceutics and personalized medicine have become important for therapeutic safety, including dose adjustments, biorelevant drug release, and combination of multiple active substances. This requires both innovative drug products and new analytical methods for drug development and quality control. The liquid-core waveguide UV absorbance flow cell detector coupled to an existing HPLC-UV system allows for simultaneous determination of different active ingredients and wide concentration ranges, increasing sensitivity and reducing analysis time.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Valentinee Elezaj, Ard Lura, Luis Canha, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: Epidermolysis bullosa is a skin fragility disorder that can be treated with mini-tablets containing losartan potassium. The development process faced several challenges, but successful formulation of the mini-tablets was achieved through dry granulation and appropriate coating, meeting pharmacopoeial requirements and demonstrating promising stability.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Hellen Windolf, Rebecca Chamberlain, Joerg Breitkreutz, Julian Quodbach
Summary: Treating Parkinson's disease is challenging, and personalized therapy is crucial due to specific requirements of drug therapy. This study utilized 3D printing to create personalized medication, including both rapid and prolonged drug release formulations, to meet the varying drug release needs. This provides a more personalized and effective treatment option for patients with Parkinson's disease.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Stephanie Laeer, Willi Cawello, Bjoern B. Burckhardt, Laszlo Ablonczy, Milica Bajcetic, Johannes M. P. J. Breur, Michiel Dalinghaus, Christoph Male, Saskia N. de Wildt, Joerg Breitkreutz, Muhammed Faisal, Anne Keatley-Clarke, Ingrid Klingmann, Florian B. Lagler
Summary: This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of enalapril in pediatric heart failure patients using a novel oral disintegrating tablet formulation, finding the rate and extent of enalapril and its active metabolite, and supporting the tolerability and safety of the appropriate dosing schedule.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Bakul Sarker, Mariele Fligge, Tanja Knaab, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: A novel electronic liquid dispensing system (ELDS) was investigated for producing individualized dose strengths of hard capsules. The ELDS showed good dosing accuracy and content uniformity compared to manual preparation, with almost no drug loss.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lena Hoffmann, Joerg Breitkreutz, Julian Quodbach
Summary: The aim of this research was to produce extrudates for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure and investigate the degradation of the drug enalapril maleate during hot-melt extrusion (HME). The study found that the use of specific polymer formulations prevented thermal degradation and maintained high dissolution. These findings have important implications for developing similar drug formulations.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Malin Hermeling, Christoph Nueboldt, Roman Heumann, Werner Hoheisel, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) are a prominent formulation approach for poorly soluble drugs. This study introduces a novel process technology called Nano-Dry-Melting (NDM) as an alternative option for ASD manufacturing. Feasibility studies and proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate the successful production of amorphous samples with NDM, even for drug candidates that cannot be processed by conventional methods.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Mariele Fligge, Ilse Letofsky-Papst, Miriam Baeumers, Andreas Zimmer, Joerg Breitkreutz
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lena Hoffmann, Joerg Breitkreutz, Julian Quodbach
Summary: In this study, 3D printed tablets containing enalapril maleate were produced using Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, and two different formulations were prepared to investigate drug degradation during the printing process. Despite attempts to prevent degradation using various methods, it was not completely successful, but significant differences in degradation levels were observed between formulations with different polymers.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lukas C. Lammerding, Joerg Breitkreutz
Summary: The study investigated the use of inkjet printing as a manufacturing technology for dissolvable microneedle array patches. It was found that using printing method could precisely control the dosage and reduce drug waste. This study demonstrated the potential of inkjet printing technology in the manufacturing of personalized microneedle array patches.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2023)