Review
Clinical Neurology
Alice K. Graham, Crystal Fong, Asghar Naqvi, Jian-Qiang Lu
Summary: Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, affecting one third of the global population, with CNS/brain involvement despite CNS immune privilege. Clinical manifestations of CNS toxoplasmosis are commonly nonspecific, and T-cell infiltrates vary in acute and chronic brain lesions of brain toxoplasmosis, more common in immunocompetent and autoimmune patients compared to immunocompromised patients.
JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Zachary Van Roy, Tammy Kielian
Summary: Epigenetics focuses on adaptable transcriptional regulation, influencing cell identity and function. During CNS infection, epigenetic mechanisms play a significant role in controlling immune cell maturation and antimicrobial properties. Researchers use epigenetic marks to organize immune cell populations' activation states and inflammatory processes in response to CNS infection.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Finja Schweitzer, Yasemin Goereci, Christiana Franke, Steffi Silling, Fabian Bosl, Franziska Maier, Eva Heger, Birgit Deiman, Harald Pruss, Oezguer A. Onur, Florian Klein, Gereon R. Fink, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Clemens Warnke
Summary: The study found no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid, and intrathecally produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were not detected in post-COVID-19 syndrome patients. This suggests that a persistent central nervous system infection is unlikely to be the cause of neurological or neuropsychiatric post-COVID-19 syndrome.
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Emma A. Lim, James K. Ruffle, Roshina Gnanadurai, Heather Lee, Michelle Escobedo-Cousin, Emma Wall, Kate Cwynarski, Robert S. Heyderman, Robert F. Miller, Harpreet Hyare
Summary: Hematological malignancies can lead to CNS involvement and intracranial infections in individuals due to immunosuppression. Differentiating between CNS infection and hematological disease infiltration is valuable but challenging. Statistical models and MR imaging features can assist in distinguishing between these processes.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Lee E. Korshoj, Wen Shi, Bin Duan, Tammy Kielian
Summary: The blood-brain barrier selectively restricts molecule entry into the central nervous system, creating challenges for treating infections. Nanoparticle systems offer promising solutions by crossing the BBB with specific functionality, increasing cellular targeting, controlled release of therapeutic agents, and enhanced bioavailability. These systems can potentially enhance treatment of CNS disorders by modulating immune cell polarization.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Dermatology
Vitor Falcao de Oliveira, Wdson Luis Lima Kruschewsky, William Kazunori Sekiguchi, Silvia F. F. Costa, Anna S. S. Levin, Marcello Mihailenko Chaves Magri, Guilherme Diogo Silva
Summary: This article synthesizes the clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics of CNS histoplasmosis in order to enhance our understanding of this rare disease.
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Ke Chen, Si Sun, Junying Wang, Xiao-Dong Zhang
Summary: The central nervous system is crucial for human health, and the treatment of CNS diseases is essential. Artificial enzymes offer high stability and catalytic activity, showing great potential for treating neuroinflammation and other disorders.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Jingjing Li, Ming Xue, Zhibin Lv, Chunshuang Guan, Shunxing Huang, Shuo Li, Bo Liang, Xingang Zhou, Budong Chen, Ruming Xie
Summary: This study found that cerebral toxoplasmosis and AR-PCNSL have distinct imaging features on SWI and contrast-enhanced 3D-T1WI, such as annular enhancement and low signal intensity ring. Additionally, the SWI-ILSS grade and enhanced volume on 3D-T1WI were found to be helpful in diagnosing AR-PCNSL.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Pediatrics
Giovanni Autore, Luca Bernardi, Serafina Perrone, Susanna Esposito
Summary: Infections of the central nervous system in children are mainly caused by viruses and can be life-threatening. Prompt lumbar puncture and polymerase chain reaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid are recommended for suspected cases. Treatment for viral CNS infections relies on supportive care, with empiric therapy against herpes simplex virus being started early.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Matthew Beaver, Dragana Noe, Ishwor Thapa, Hesham Ali, Jessica Snowden, Tammy Kielian, Gwenn L. Skar
Summary: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection is a common and serious complication of hydrocephalus treatment. Accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent long-term neurological damage in children. Current diagnostic methods based on bacterial culture are not always accurate due to the formation of biofilms by bacteria. Therefore, a new rapid and accurate diagnostic method is needed to improve treatment outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Santhosh Sethuramanujam, Akihiro Matsumoto, Geoff deRosenroll, Benjamin Murphy-Baum, J. Michael McIntosh, Miao Jing, Yulong Li, David Berson, Keisuke Yonehara, Gautam B. Awatramani
Summary: The study reveals that acetylcholine signals are transmitted through a rapid co-activation mechanism, activating receptors on multiple neurons surrounding the release site. Additionally, while acetylcholine signals are direction-selective locally, they do not show global directionality, facilitating information transfer at a local scale.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Wenjie Zhang, Yuan Chen, Hui Pei
Summary: C1q is an essential component of the complement system, performing non-specific immune functions and playing a crucial role in immune homeostasis and normal physiological functions. In the developing central nervous system, C1q is involved in synapse formation, pruning, and the development of neuronal networks. C1q has a close relationship with microglia and astrocytes and may contribute to the development of CNS disorders. Clinical trials are already underway for CNS disorders, highlighting the potential therapeutic target of C1q.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Mengmeng Ge, Mingyu Gan, Kai Yan, Feifan Xiao, Lin Yang, Bingbing Wu, Mili Xiao, Yin Ba, Rong Zhang, Jin Wang, Guoqiang Cheng, Laishuan Wang, Yun Cao, Wenhao Zhou, Liyuan Hu
Summary: The combination of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) significantly improves the diagnostic rate of etiology for neonatal central nervous system infections, guiding clinical strategies effectively.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Franziska Schneider, Andre Gessner, Nahed El-Najjar
Summary: The current antimicrobial therapy for bacterial infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults and pediatric patients faces challenges in achieving necessary drug levels in serum and crossing the blood-brain barrier. Factors such as the structure of the antimicrobial agent, disease severity, and inflammation play significant roles. Despite attempts to establish pharmacokinetic modeling for dosing regimens, conclusive recommendations for the best therapeutic strategies are lacking. This review focuses on the use of vancomycin and meropenem in managing CNS infections in adults and pediatric patients, aiming to summarize the current pitfalls and success of therapy, and emphasize the need for more studies to improve clinical outcomes.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Rita Goncalves, Steven De Decker, Gemma Walmsley, Sarah Butterfield, Thomas W. Maddox
Summary: This study retrospectively analyzed data from 1,140 dogs with inflammatory CNS disease and found that immune-mediated conditions were more common than infectious conditions. Risk factors for the most common diagnoses were also identified.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2022)