Achilles tendon moment arms: The importance of measuring at constant tendon load when using the tendon excursion method

Achilles tendon moment arms are commonly measured using the tendon-excursion technique and ultrasound imaging of the muscle-tendon junction. The tendon-excursion technique relies on the assumption that the tendon load is constant and thus it does not stretch. However, previous studies have not enforced this constraint and thus it is not known how sensitive the estimated Achilles tendon moment arms are to varying load during the measurement process. The aim of this study was to compare estimates of Achilles tendon moment arms when calculated using the different constraints of constant force (and thus tendon stretch), constant joint torque, or contraction effort. Achilles tendon moment arms were measured for the medial and lateral gastrocnemii in 8 healthy male subjects across five different ankle angles (-5 degrees dorsiflexion to 35 degrees plantarflexion), and a range of contraction levels. Moment arms were calculated for three different constraints of constant force, torque, or effort. Moment arms were significantly greater for the lateral gastrocnemius than for the medial gastrocnemius. At low contraction levels, including the passive condition, the moment arms increased with plantarflexion, whereas the moment arms decreased with plantarflexion at higher contraction levels. There was no difference between the calculated moment arms using the constant force and the constant torque methods; however both these methods yielded significantly different moment arms when compared to the commonly used constant effort method. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.