Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Antonia Regina Harders, Christian Arend, Sadhbh Cynth Denieffe, Julius Berger, Ralf Dringen
Summary: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the central energy currency of all cells. Primary rat astrocytes have a specific cellular ATP content of 27.9 +/- 4.7 nmol/mg. Glucose deprivation leads to a decline in ATP levels, but the presence of glucose or mitochondrial substrates can maintain the high ATP content in these cells. Mitochondrial metabolism, particularly the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, plays a crucial role in maintaining a high ATP concentration in glucose-deprived astrocytes.
NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rebecca M. Fleeman, Madison K. Kuhn, Dennis C. Chan, Elizabeth A. Proctor
Summary: APOE is a lipid transporter predominantly produced by astrocytes in the brain, and its epsilon 4 variant (APOE4) is the strongest and most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. APOE4 alters immune and metabolic functions of astrocytes, leading to a decrease in neuronal support and increased vulnerability to stress and disease insults.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Lujie Liang, Daixi Lin, Yishen Chen, Jiachen Li, Wanfei Liang, Hui Zhao, Wenji Luo, Guo-bao Tian, Siyuan Feng
Summary: The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant threat to global public health. Bioenergetics has become a new approach for anti-TB drug discovery, focusing on the link between bacterial ATP levels and drug efficacy. This study developed a novel ATP biosensor, ATPser, which accurately detected intracellular ATP fluctuations in mycobacteria. The results showed a close correlation between ATP fluctuations and drug efficacy, and drug combinations accelerated ATP perturbation and cell death. ATPser enables real-time measurement of ATP at the single-cell level, providing insights for novel treatment strategies.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Takeshi Nii, Ryota Eguchi, Soichiro Yamaguchi, Ken-ichi Otsuguro
Summary: The study found that H2S indirectly inhibits ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes by releasing Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. This mechanism may influence intercellular communication between astrocytes and neurons, thus impacting neuronal signaling in the nervous system.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Neurosciences
Schuichi Koizumi
Summary: Emotion-related neural networks are regulated by glial cells, and glial dysfunction can be directly related to emotional diseases such as depression. This article discusses three different therapeutic strategies involving astrocytes that are effective for treating depression, specifically fluoxetine, electroconvulsive therapy, and sleep deprivation therapy. These treatments all involve the release of ATP from astrocytes, indicating the essential role of glial purinergic signals in the pathogenesis of depression.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anayat Bhat, Shuang Li, Daniel Hammler, Martin J. Winterhalder, Andreas Marx, Andreas Zumbusch
Summary: The hydrolysis of nucleotides is important for cellular energy, and the transfer of phosphates to proteins is crucial for post-translational modification. A novel fluorogenic adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (Ap4) analog has been developed for real-time monitoring of ATP hydrolysis within live cells, with potential applications in studying cellular processes involving Ap4 hydrolysis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gabriele Karger, Julius Berger, Ralf Dringen
Summary: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency of all cells, while creatine phosphate (CrP) facilitates rapid regeneration of ATP. Astrocyte-rich cultures contain ATP, ADP, and AMP, which establish an adenylate energy charge. The decline in CrP levels always precedes that of ATP contents during glucose deprivation.
NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Qiwei Wang, Tai Fang, Jiao Zheng, Lin Shi, Lili Shi, Tao Li
Summary: Fluorescent molecular rotors were utilized to develop a novel high-performance FRET system, showing promise for DNA aptasensors with large Stokes shift, high photostability, and pH insensitivity. The efficient FRET effect between two dyes labeled on DNA demonstrated the potential of proximity-induced fluorescent ATP aptasensors with pH-switch functionality. The study also provided new insights into DNA proximity reactions and their roles in physiological processes through systematic investigation of the proximity effect by altering the linker length of the switching unit.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Eda Bozdemir, Fabio A. Vigil, Sang H. Chun, Liliana Espinoza, Vladislav Bugay, Sarah M. Khoury, Deborah M. Holstein, Aiola Stoja, Damian Lozano, Ceyda Tunca, Shane M. Sprague, Jose E. Cavazos, Robert Brenner, Theodore E. Liston, Mark S. Shapiro, James D. Lechleiter
Summary: AST-004, a novel A(3) receptor agonist, increases astrocyte energy production and enhances their neuroprotective efficacy after brain injury.
Article
Neurosciences
Y. F. Zhao, A. Verkhratsky, Y. Tang, P. Illes
Summary: Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric illness that impairs social functioning. Dysfunction of astrocytes and their purinergic signaling have been found to contribute to the pathophysiology of depression.
Article
Cell Biology
Jacob P. Keller, Jonathan S. Marvin, Haluk Lacin, William C. Lemon, Jamien Shea, Soomin Kim, Richard T. Lee, Minoru Koyama, Philipp J. Keller, Loren L. Looger
Summary: A family of highly sensitive glucose sensors was described to study glucose transport and metabolism in cells. Differential glucose kinetics were observed in different cell types, revealing the existence of specific transport pathways for intracellular glucose flux.
Article
Neurosciences
Katja Fink, Jelena Velebit, Nina Vardjan, Robert Zorec, Marko Kreft
Summary: This study showed that under NA stimulation, an increase in cytosolic L-lactate level in astrocytes is mainly achieved through glycogen degradation.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Katja Fink, Jelena Velebit, Nina Vardjan, Robert Zorec, Marko Kreft
Summary: The production of L-lactate via aerobic glycolysis is essential for energy production in NA-stimulated astrocytes, while oxidative metabolism is important at rest. Pharmacological experiments showed that D-glucose uptake and glycogen degradation are crucial for the NA-induced increase in L-lactate production.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Isabelle Matthiesen, Rohollah Nasiri, Alessandra Tamashiro Orrego, Thomas E. Winkler, Anna Herland
Summary: Astrocytes are crucial for brain functions and energy supply for neurons. This study compared the metabolic turnover of glucose and lactate between human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes (hiAstrocytes) and human fetal astrocytes (HFAs). The results showed that HFAs have higher levels of lactate production and glucose consumption compared to hiAstrocytes.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Qimin Liu, Chao Zhu, Yuxuan Ma, Yang Wang, Lijuan Zheng, Tianqi Jin, Shuyang He, Fangxia Yang, Wuzi Dong
Summary: This study evaluated the effects of metformin (Met) on the storage of fish sperm in vitro. The results showed that 400μmol/L Met improved the quality and fertilization capacity of the sperm by increasing ATP content. Met stabilized ATP level by enhancing glucose uptake and activating AMPK in the sperm. Similar effects were observed in another fish species.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Tina Smolic, Petra Tavcar, Anemari Horvat, Urska Cerne, Ana Haluzan Vasle, Larisa Tratnjek, Mateja Erdani Kreft, Nicole Scholz, Maja Matis, Toni Petan, Robert Zorec, Nina Vardjan
Summary: The study found that the increase of LDs in astrocytes may be crucial for cell survival and proliferation. Under stress conditions, exposure to noradrenaline and metabolic stress strongly facilitated LD accumulation in astrocytes, potentially providing energy support and neuroprotection against stress-induced lipotoxicity.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Patrizia D'Adamo, Anemari Horvat, Antonia Gurgone, Maria Lidia Mignogna, Veronica Bianchi, Michela Masetti, Maddalena Ripamonti, Stefano Taverna, Jelena Velebit, Maja Malnar, Marko Muhic, Katja Fink, Angela Bachi, Umberto Restuccia, Sara Belloli, Rosa Maria Moresco, Alessia Mercalli, Lorenzo Piemonti, Maja Potokar, Sasa Trkov Bobnar, Marko Kreft, Helena H. Chowdhury, Matjaz Stenovec, Nina Vardjan, Robert Zorec
Summary: Proteomic analysis and glucose uptake studies in Gdi1 knockout mice reveal significant changes in astrocyte-resident glycolytic enzymes and increased glucose uptake, leading to cognitive impairment. A selective impairment in working memory was observed in mice with Gdi1 deletion restricted to astrocytes, which was rescued by inhibiting glycolysis. These findings suggest a new astrocyte-based mechanism in neurodevelopmental disorders and potential therapeutic opportunities targeting aerobic glycolysis.
METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
(2021)
Review
Neurosciences
Carole Escartin, Elena Galea, Andras Lakatos, James P. O'Callaghan, Gabor C. Petzold, Alberto Serrano-Pozo, Christian Steinhauser, Andrea Volterra, Giorgio Carmignoto, Amit Agarwal, Nicola J. Allen, Alfonso Araque, Luis Barbeito, Ari Barzilai, Dwight E. Bergles, Gilles Bonvento, Arthur M. Butt, Wei-Ting Chen, Martine Cohen-Salmon, Colm Cunningham, Benjamin Deneen, Bart De Strooper, Blanca Diaz-Castro, Cinthia Farina, Marc Freeman, Vittorio Gallo, James E. Goldman, Steven A. Goldman, Magdalena Gotz, Antonia Gutierrez, Philip G. Haydon, Dieter H. Heiland, Elly M. Hol, Matthew G. Holt, Masamitsu Iino, Ksenia V. Kastanenka, Helmut Kettenmann, Baljit S. Khakh, Schuichi Koizumi, C. Justin Lee, Shane A. Liddelow, Brian A. MacVicar, Pierre Magistretti, Albee Messing, Anusha Mishra, Anna V. Molofsky, Keith K. Murai, Christopher M. Norris, Seiji Okada, Stephane H. R. Oliet, Joao F. Oliveira, Aude Panatier, Vladimir Parpura, Marcela Pekna, Milos Pekny, Luc Pellerin, Gertrudis Perea, Beatriz G. Perez-Nievas, Frank W. Pfrieger, Kira E. Poskanzer, Francisco J. Quintana, Richard M. Ransohoff, Miriam Riquelme-Perez, Stefanie Robel, Christine R. Rose, Jeffrey D. Rothstein, Nathalie Rouach, David H. Rowitch, Alexey Semyanov, Swetlana Sirko, Harald Sontheimer, Raymond A. Swanson, Javier Vitorica, Ina-Beate Wanner, Levi B. Wood, Jiaqian Wu, Binhai Zheng, Eduardo R. Zimmer, Robert Zorec, Michael V. Sofroniew, Alexei Verkhratsky
Summary: The article highlights the challenges and uncertainties surrounding reactive astrocytes, advocating for comprehensive research that includes assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters, preferably in vivo, along with multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models.
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Beina Chen, Manman Zhang, Ming Ji, Wenliang Gong, Binjie Chen, Robert Zorec, Matjaz Stenovec, Alexei Verkhratsky, Baoman Li
Summary: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a worldwide psychiatric disease that is not yet adequately controlled by therapies, and the mechanisms of action of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that astrocytes play an important role in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD, suggesting that SSRIs may exert their antidepressant effect by regulating molecular and signaling pathways in astrocytes.
NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Biology
Simon Hawlina, Helena H. Chowdhury, Tomaz Smrkolj, Robert Zorec
Summary: In 2009, new EU legislation regulating advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) was introduced. There has been a revived interest in developing new cancer immunotherapies involving manipulation of the patient's own immune cells. A recent study revealed that autologous dendritic cell-based immunotherapy could effectively treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and other solid tumors.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tina Smolic, Robert Zorec, Nina Vardjan
Summary: Recent evidence has highlighted the functional importance of lipid droplets (LDs) in the central nervous system (CNS). LDs play a crucial role in energy production, membrane synthesis, and cellular protection by storing and releasing fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. Accumulation of LDs in neuroglia provides support for neuronal networks.
Article
Cell Biology
Dorian Dolanc, Tomaz M. Zorec, Zala Smole, Anja Maver, Anemari Horvat, Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar, Sasa Trkov Bobnar, Nina Vardjan, Marko Kreft, Helena Haque Chowdhury, Robert Zorec
Summary: This study investigated the unknown functions of GPR27, an orphan GPCR. The results showed that stimulation of GPR27 enhances aerobic glycolysis and L-lactate production in cells.
Article
Cell Biology
Paula P. Goncalves, Matjaz Stenovec, Luciano Gracio, Marko Kreft, Robert Zorec
Summary: Regulated exocytosis is a process in which secretions exit the vesicle lumen through fusion between vesicles and the plasma membranes. An increase in cytosolic calcium concentration is believed to be the trigger. This study used membrane lawns with docked secretory vesicles to investigate peptide discharge and found that calcium triggers peptide discharge from docked vesicles in a subquantal manner.
Article
Cell Biology
Mico Bozic, Samo Pirnat, Katja Fink, Maja Potokar, Marko Kreft, Robert Zorec, Matjaz Stenovec
Summary: A single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine has rapid and long-lasting beneficial effects in patients with major depressive disorder, but its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, researchers investigated how ketamine affects the Kir4.1 channel, which is involved in regulating neuronal excitability and potassium buffering in the brain. They found that ketamine reduced the mobility of Kir4.1 vesicles and decreased the surface density of Kir4.1, leading to a decrease in voltage-activated currents. These findings suggest that ketamine's effects on Kir4.1 may be mediated through a cAMP-dependent mechanism.
Review
Cell Biology
Maja Potokar, Robert Zorec, Jernej Jorgacevski
Summary: Astrocytes are important host cells for viruses in the central nervous system. They can produce high quantities of new virions due to their unique characteristics such as metabolism, cytoskeleton network, anatomical localization, and expression of viral entry receptors. These features make astrocytes significant target cells for neurotropic infections.
Review
Biology
Simon Hawlina, Robert Zorec, Helena H. Chowdhury
Summary: Prostate cancer is a common and deadly disease, and a castration-resistant form of the disease has emerged in some patients. New treatments, including immunotherapies, have shown promise in controlling the disease and prolonging survival, but optimal combination and sequence of therapies are still unknown. More research is needed to explore new therapeutic options due to the limitations of current treatments and the varying suitability for individual patients.
Editorial Material
Cell Biology
Robert Zorec, Alexei Verkhratsky
Meeting Abstract
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
D. Dolanc, A. Maver, A. Horvat, T. M. Zorec, S. Trkov Bobnar, N. Vardjan, H. Haque Chowdhury, R. Zorec
Meeting Abstract
Neurosciences
A. Horvat, P. D'Adamo, J. Velebit, M. Malnar, M. Muhic, K. Fink, M. Potokar, S. Trkov Bobnar, M. Kreft, H. H. Chowdhury, M. Stenovec, N. Vardjan, R. Zorec
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Soojung Hahn, Gyuri Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim
Summary: This study utilized three-dimensional intestinal organoids to investigate the effects of metformin on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and found that metformin can enhance intestinal barrier function and reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
V. V. Sudarev, M. S. Gette, S. V. Bazhenov, O. M. Tilinova, E. V. Zinovev, I. V. Manukhov, A. I. Kuklin, Yu. L. Ryzhykau, A. V. Vlasov
Summary: This study investigated the self-assembly processes of ferritin-based protein complexes and obtained structurally characterized oligomeric states. These results provide new potential and opportunities for the application of ferritin in various fields.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yalda Sabaghi, Farnaz Pourfarzad, Leila Zolghadr, Azita Bahrami, Tahereh Shojazadeh, Alireza Farasat, Nematollah Gheibi
Summary: p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) is a plant compound with anti-cancer activities. This study designed a nano-liposomal carrier containing p-CA to enhance its effectiveness against melanoma cells. The findings showed that the liposomal form of p-CA had a greater impact on the cells. Kinetic modeling indicated that the best fitting model was zero-order.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
M. D. Nazmul Hasan, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Al Asmaul Husna, Nobuhiro Nozaki, Osamu Yamato, Naoki Miura
Summary: This study investigated the expression of ncRNAs other than miRNAs in different histologic subtypes of canine mammary gland tumors (MGT). Three aberrantly expressed ncRNAs were identified as potential biomarkers for differentiating MGT subtypes. YRNA and tRFs expression levels were found to be decreased in metastatic compared to primary MGT cell lines.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Seine A. Shintani
Summary: In this study, the researchers used signal analysis to study the instantaneous amplitude and phase of sarcomeric oscillations in skeletal muscle. They identified two types of oscillations, sarcomeric oscillations and sarcosynced oscillations, and visualized their behavior during propagating waves. The researchers discovered the presence of sarcomeric defect holes and sarcomeric collision holes, which are important indicators for understanding the oscillation properties of sarcomeres. This finding has important implications for improving our understanding of muscle function and its regulatory mechanisms.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuanglin Zhang, Yuzhong Jia, Guolan Ma, Yanyan Yang, Zhenzhen Cao, Antao Luo, Zefu Zhang, Shihan Li, Jie Wen, Hanfeng Liu, Jihua Ma
Summary: Bupleurum is an antiarrhythmic agent that may exert its effects by inhibiting L-type calcium channels.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tomotaka Ohkubo, Yasuhiko Matsumoto, Hiroaki Sasaki, Kaoru Kinoshita, Yuki Ogasawara, Takashi Sugita
Summary: This study found that Citrobacter koseri inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, disrupting the balance between S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, and exacerbating inflammation in atopic dermatitis.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Toshifumi Asano, Philipp Sasse, Takao Nakata
Summary: A Cre recombination-based fluorescent reporter system was developed to monitor cell-cell fusion. The system successfully detected the formation of multinuclear myotubes and placental syncytiotrophoblast. This tool could facilitate the study of cell-to-cell fusion.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ke Shi, Yunlong Shan, Xiao Sun, Kuida Chen, Qiong Luo, Qiang Xu
Summary: This study found that low expression of TP53INP2 is associated with poor survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. As the malignancy of CRC progresses, TP53INP2 expression gradually decreases. Knockdown of TP53INP2 promotes CRC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Mechanistically, TP53INP2 deficiency decreases phosphorylation of beta-catenin, leading to increased accumulation and enhanced nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Additionally, TP53INP2 sequesters TIM50, inhibiting its activation of beta-catenin. In conclusion, downregulation of TP53INP2 promotes CRC progression by activating beta-catenin.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Martina Rossi, Fabio Tomaselli, Alejandro Hochkoeppler
Summary: Oligomeric enzymes are known for their higher catalytic rates compared to monomeric enzymes, but the extent of additivity in their activity is still not well understood. This study used tetrameric rabbit lactate dehydrogenase as a model to examine the kinetics of its catalytic action. Surprisingly, when the concentration of the limiting reactant exceeded that of a single subunit, there was a significant slowdown in the enzyme's conformational rearrangements.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Amin Sahraei, Mohammad Javad Shamsoddini, Fakhrossadat Mohammadi, Leila Hassani
Summary: This study explored the inhibitory effects of gallium curcumin, indium curcumin, and vanadyl curcumin on the amyloid fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme, as well as the binding interactions of these metal complexes with the enzyme. The results showed that indium curcumin and vanadyl curcumin exhibited higher binding affinities and stronger inhibitory effects on amyloid fibrillation compared to gallium curcumin.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takahiro Sasaki, Yoshiki Kuse, Shinsuke Nakamura, Masamitsu Shimazawa
Summary: PGRN deficiency plays a significant role in cardiac remodeling and arrhythmias post-myocardial infarction (MI), potentially by promoting metabolic abnormalities in macrophages.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hongwei Zhao, Yiqiang Li, Yibo Zhang, Chi Zhang
Summary: Electrical brain stimulation technology is commonly used to treat brain neurological disorders, but it can cause side effects. This study investigated the impact of electric fields on nerve fibers and revealed the possible origin of side effects. The findings provide guidance for selecting electrical parameters in clinical stimulation therapy.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Julia S. Scott, Lake-Ee Quek, Andrew J. Hoy, Johannes V. Swinnen, Zeyad D. Nassar, Lisa M. Butler
Summary: The fatty acid elongation enzyme ELOVL5 plays a critical role in promoting metastasis in prostate cancer. Knocking down ELOVL5 leads to the accumulation of malonyl-CoA, which inhibits fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. This study highlights the importance of fatty acid elongation in regulating cell viability and provides a potential target for prostate cancer treatment.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zan Zhou, Wen-jun Jiang, Li Li, Jun-qiang Si
Summary: This study investigates the effect of noise exposure on cognitive function in mice and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings suggest that noise exposure leads to increased inflammation, increased phosphorylation of Tau protein, and decreased levels of postsynaptic density protein, resulting in cognitive impairment.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2024)