Editorial Material
Biology
Martina M. Yordanova, Pavel Baranov
Summary: The efficiency of ribosomes in shifting reading frames when decoding viral RNA may vary during an infection.
Article
Virology
Zhenbang Zhu, Meng Zhang, Lili Yuan, Yuqian Xu, Han Zhou, Zhengmin Lian, Panrao Liu, Xiangdong Li
Summary: LGP2, a member of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), shows higher-affinity binding to RNA and work synergism with RIG-I or MDA5. However, LGP2 has divergent responses to different viruses, which remains controversial in antiviral immune responses. Here, we present the detailed process of LGP2 in positively regulating the anti-PRRSV response. Upon PRRSV infection, LGP2 was prone to bind to MDA5 and enhanced MDA5 signaling, manifesting the enrichment of viral RNA on MDA5 and the activation of downstream IRF3 and NF-kappa B, which results in increased proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon expression, ultimately inhibiting PRRSV at the early stage of infection. Moreover, PRRSV Nsp1 and Nsp2 interacted with LGP2 via ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, thus blocking LGP2-mediated immune response. This research helps us understand the host recognition and innate antiviral response to PRRSV infection by neglected pattern recognition receptors, which sheds light on the detailed mechanism of virus-host interaction.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Yuming Liu, Xing Liu, Juan Bai, Yangyang Sun, Hans Nauwynck, Xianwei Wang, Yuanqi Yang, Ping Jiang
Summary: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in viral infection by regulating the transcription and expression of host genes, and interferon signaling pathways. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide, but the mechanisms of its pathogenesis and immunology are not fully understood. In this study, a new lncRNA, named MAHAT, was identified as a regulator of host innate immune responses. MAHAT negatively regulates the expression of its target gene, ZNF34, by recruiting and binding DDX6, an RNA helicase, forming a complex with ZNF34. Inhibition of ZNF34 expression increases type I interferon expression and decreases PRRSV replication. This finding suggests that MAHAT has potential as a new target for developing antiviral drugs against PRRSV infection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
He Zhang, Wenjie Ma, Zhi Sun, Changkang Zhu, Gebremeskel Mamu Werid, Yassein M. Ibrahim, Wenli Zhang, Yu Pan, Dongfang Shi, Hongyan Chen, Yue Wang
Summary: The study suggests that specific members of gut microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, may play a role in regulating the immune response following immunization in pigs. After vaccination, the richness and diversity of gut microbial community in the high and low groups were similar, with a decrease in diversity over time. The findings indicate that gut microbial composition may impact the immune response after vaccination.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Jiaying Yu, Haitao Shi, Ke Song, Yuxin Yang, Xinmiao Li, Luyuan Peng, Bendong Fu, Pengfei Yi
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a major disease in the swine industry, and its pathogen PRRSV has immunosuppressive properties. This study investigated the modulatory effect of naringenin on the suppressed innate immune response after PRRSV infection and found that it improved the expression of antiviral cytokines and activated the RIG-I-MAVS immune signaling pathway. These findings suggest that naringenin may have potential as a drug against immunosuppressive viral infections.
Review
Virology
Huanchang Cai, Hewei Zhang, Huai Cheng, Min Liu, Shubo Wen, Jingqiang Ren
Summary: Since its discovery, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has had a significant impact on the farming industry. The virus responsible for PRRS is Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and its eradication has proven to be challenging due to its genetic diversity and the complexity of the immune response. This study provides scientific insights into PRRSV-induced infection and escape, as well as the host's adaptive immune response to PRRSV, aiming to contribute to PRRSV control and vaccine development.
Article
Immunology
Margaux Vienne, Marion Etiennot, Bertrand Escaliere, Justine Galluso, Lionel Spinelli, Sophie Guia, Aurore Fenis, Eric Vivier, Yann M. Kerdiles
Summary: NK cells are known to have cytotoxic effects on tumor cell lines, but their specific roles in primary tumor detection and elimination remain unclear. ILC1 play an active role in inhibiting the antitumoral immune response, suggesting the need to evaluate the tumor infiltration of ILC1 and NK cells to optimize immune harnessing in cancer therapies.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Tong-Yun Wang, Ming-Xia Sun, Hong-Liang Zhang, Gang Wang, Guoqing Zhan, Zhi-Jun Tian, Xue-Hui Cai, Chenhe Su, Yan-Dong Tang
Summary: Innate immunity serves as the initial defense against viral infections, but viruses like PRRSV have evolved various strategies to evade it. PRRSV, a highly destructive virus in the global swine industry, utilizes multiple strategies to avoid porcine innate immune responses. Understanding the evasion mechanisms employed by PRRSV can aid in developing more effective methods to control and eliminate the virus.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Cristina Valeria Bulgaru, Daniela Eliza Marin, Gina Cecilia Pistol, Ionelia Taranu
Summary: ZEA is an estrogenic fusariotoxin that affects reproductive health and immune response. It can cause reproductive disorders and impact immune response, with studies showing effects on different types of immune cells and immune organs. Despite the increasing research on the mechanisms of ZEA in modulating immune response, data are currently insufficient and further investigation is needed.
Article
Toxicology
Alix Pierron, Eleni Vatzia, Maria Stadler, Kerstin H. Mair, Selma Schmidt, Melissa R. Stas, Sophie Duerlinger, Heinrich Kreutzmann, Christian Knecht, Gyula Balka, Julia Lagler, Marianne Zaruba, Till Ruemenapf, Armin Saalmueller, Elisabeth Mayer, Andrea Ladinig, Wilhelm Gerner
Summary: The study investigates the impact of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccination and infection. Pigs fed with high levels of DON showed lower levels of IFN-gamma producing lymphocytes in the blood after vaccination and infection. Vaccinated pigs with low levels of DON had higher frequencies of TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma co-producing CD4(+) T cells, particularly in lung tissue. High levels of DON negatively influenced immune parameters and clearance of the virus, while low levels of DON had immunomodulatory effects.
ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Yuhan Zhong, Xiao Zhong, Liangjun Qiao, Hong Wu, Chang Liu, Ting Zhang
Summary: The Z alpha domain is a compact α/β structure that specifically binds to nucleic acids with a left-handed helical conformation. It has been identified in several proteins, including ADAR1 and ZBP1, which play important roles in immune response regulation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Jiali Zhu, Feng Chu, Meirong Zhang, Wenhuan Sun, Fangfang Zhou
Summary: Neddylation is a crucial protein modification process that plays important roles in the development of the central nervous system and various processes of the human immune system, including inflammation regulation, bacterial and viral infections, and T cell function.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Virology
William Rodriguez, Mandy Muller
Summary: SHFL, as an interferon-stimulated gene, plays a critical role in the innate immune response to viral infection by restricting viral replication through diverse mechanisms across different types of viruses. It not only affects viral RNA stability and translation, but also directly inhibits specific translation strategies utilized by some viruses.
Review
Immunology
Jia-Rui Zheng, Zi-Long Wang, Bo Feng
Summary: Hepatitis B virus infection causes indirect damage to hepatocytes through the immune system. The exhaustion of virus-specific immune cells and immune suppression by virus antigens contribute to the chronicity of the infection. Functional cure can be achieved by restoring the specific immune function, providing a theoretical basis for complete cure of hepatitis B.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Zhijie Jian, Rui Ma, Ling Zhu, Huidan Deng, Fengqin Li, Jun Zhao, Lishuang Deng, Siyuan Lai, Xiangang Sun, Huaqiao Tang, Zhiwen Xu
Summary: This article reviews the strategies used by Arteriviruses to antagonize IFN production and thwart IFN-activated antiviral signaling, emphasizing the significance of this research in understanding the pathogenesis of arthritis virus and developing vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Rui Guo, Xingyu Yan, Yanhua Li, Jin Cui, Saurav Misra, Andrew E. Firth, Eric J. Snijder, Ying Fang
Summary: This study demonstrates that PRRSV nsp2TF interacts with the major arteriviral envelope proteins GP5 and M, promoting arterivirus assembly by antagonizing ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of these key viral structural proteins.
Article
Immunology
Joan E. M. van der Lubbe, Sietske K. Rosendahl Huber, Aneesh Vijayan, Liesbeth Dekking, Ella van Huizen, Jessica Vreugdenhil, Ying Choi, Miranda R. M. Baert, Karin Feddes-de Boer, Ana Izquierdo Gil, Marjolein van Heerden, Tim J. Dalebout, Sebenzile K. Myeni, Marjolein Kikkert, Eric J. Snijder, Leon de Waal, Koert J. Stittelaar, Jeroen T. B. M. Tolboom, Jan Serroyen, Leacky Muchene, Leslie van der Fits, Lucy Rutten, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, Dan H. Barouch, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Roland C. Zahn, Frank Wegmann
Summary: This study investigated the immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and potential for vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) mediated by Ad26.COV2.S in a Syrian hamster challenge model with the G614 spike SARS-CoV-2 variant. Results showed that higher vaccine doses elicited substantial neutralizing antibodies titers and provided complete protection against lung infection and pneumonia in over 80% of Syrian hamsters inoculated with SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Margo A. Brinton, Anastasia A. Gulyaeva, Udeni B. R. Balasuriya, Magda Dunowska, Kay S. Faaberg, Tony Goldberg, Frederick C. C. Leung, Hans J. Nauwynck, Eric J. Snijder, Tomasz Stadejek, Alexander E. Gorbalenya
Summary: The Arteriviridae family consists of enveloped RNA viruses that infect non-human mammals, causing diseases in some cases while remaining asymptomatic in others.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dorothee Bardiot, Laura Vangeel, Mohamed Koukni, Philippe Arzel, Marleen Zwaagstra, Heyrhyoung Lyoo, Patrick Wanningen, Shamshad Ahmad, Linlin Zhang, Xinyuanyuan Sun, Adrien Delpal, Cecilia Eydoux, Jean-Claude Guillemot, Eveline Lescrinier, Hugo Klaassen, Pieter Leyssen, Dirk Jochmans, Karolien Castermans, Rolf Hilgenfeld, Colin Robinson, Etienne Decroly, Bruno Canard, Eric J. Snijder, Martijn J. van Hemert, Frank van Kuppeveld, Patrick Chaltin, Johan Neyts, Steven De Jonghe, Arnaud Marchand
Summary: In the search for small-molecule antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, a high-throughput screening identified a promising hit structure that showed activity against various beta-coronaviruses by interfering with viral entry. Further structure-activity relationship studies revealed that a specific pyridyl moiety and different heteroaromatic cycles were optimal, and structural diversity was tolerated by the alkoxy group.
Article
Immunology
Anna H. E. Roukens, Cilia R. Pothast, Marion Koenig, Wesley Huisman, Tim Dalebout, Tamar Tak, Shohreh Azimi, Yvonne Kruize, Renate S. Hagedoorn, Mihaela Zlei, Frank J. T. Staal, Fenna J. de Bie, Jacques J. M. van Dongen, Sesmu M. Arbous, Jaimie L. H. Zhang, Maaike Verheij, Corine Prins, Anne M. van der Does, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Jutte J. C. de Vries, Jacqueline J. Janse, Meta Roestenberg, Sebenzile K. Myeni, Marjolein Kikkert, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Mirjam H. M. Heemskerk, Hermelijn H. Smits, Simon P. Jochems
Summary: Systemic immune cell dynamics during COVID-19 have been well-documented, but less is known about immune cells in the respiratory tract. This study characterized nasal and systemic immune cells in COVID-19 patients, showing increased inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa during acute infection. After recovery, nasal immune cells mostly normalized, but SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells could persist for at least 2 months.
Review
Cell Biology
Brandon Malone, Nadya Urakova, Eric J. Snijder, Elizabeth A. Campbell
Summary: The molecular basis and complexity of coronavirus RNA-synthesizing machinery is still not fully understood. Recent research has focused on deciphering and understanding the structures, functions, and interactions of the subunits involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription. Both viral and host factors play a crucial role in coordinating RNA translation, replication, and transcription, making them potential targets for antiviral therapy.
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Natacha S. Ogando, Priscila El Kazzi, Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Brenda W. Bontes, Alice Decombe, Clara C. Posthuma, Volker Thiel, Bruno Canard, Francois Ferron, Etienne Decroly, Eric J. Snijder
Summary: The study found that N7-MTase is a critical enzyme for betacoronavirus replication and essential for virus viability. By conducting mutagenesis experiments on betacoronavirus nonstructural protein 14, key residues of the catalytic pocket were identified, which could be targeted for designing inhibitors with potential pan-coronaviral activity spectrum.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Rostom Ahmed-Belkacem, Marcel Hausdorff, Adrien Delpal, Priscila Sutto-Ortiz, Agathe M. G. Colmant, Franck Touret, Natacha S. Ogando, Eric J. Snijder, Bruno Canard, Bruno Coutard, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Etienne Decroly, Francoise Debart
Summary: This study focuses on the design and synthesis of inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 enzymes involved in RNA capping, which are important for viral RNA stability, mRNA translation, and evasion of innate immunity. Seven compounds showed significant inhibitory activity, and the three most potent inhibitors stabilized the enzyme effectively.
JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chenxi Li, Xuan Chen, Jingbo Hu, Daoyuan Jiang, Demin Cai, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study established a reverse genetics system for the GI JEV strain (YZ-1) and generated a reporter virus (rGI-Gluc) by inserting a gaussia luciferase (Gluc) expression cassette into the JEV genome. The reporter virus remained genetically stable for at least ten passages in vitro and was used for antiviral drug screening and neutralizing antibody detection against the GI JEV.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Virology
Lilei Lv, Huaye Luo, Lingxue Yu, Wu Tong, Yifeng Jiang, Guoxin Li, Guangzhi Tong, Yanhua Li, Changlong Liu
Summary: In this study, suitable human cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B217, and SNU387) for studying PEDV were identified by screening cell lines with high correlation coefficient to the established PEDV infection model Huh7. These cell lines showed similar replication kinetics of PEDV to Vero and Huh7 cells and exhibited robust induction of transcripts associated with the innate immune response to PEDV infection, including inflammatory cytokine and interferon genes.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Melissa Thaler, Clarisse Salgado-Benvindo, Anouk Leijs, Ali Tas, Dennis K. Ninaber, Jack L. Arbiser, Eric J. Snijder, Martijn J. van Hemert
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created a demand for broad-spectrum antivirals to be prepared for future outbreaks. In addition to inhibiting the virus, therapy should aim to suppress pathogenic host responses. Clinical studies have shown a link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenic angiogenesis in the lungs, involving the upregulation of angiogenic factors like ANGPTL4. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, has been used to suppress abnormal ANGPTL4 expression in the treatment of hemangiomas. This study found that R-propranolol can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, as well as suppress the upregulation of ANGPTL4.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Virology
Jingbo Hu, Chenxi Li, Yanyang Zhou, Jingjing Ding, Xiangdong Li, Yanhua Li
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly significant pathogen in the swine industry with no approved antiviral drug for its control. This study demonstrates that allicin, a compound found in garlic, exhibits antiviral activity against PRRSV by inhibiting viral entry, replication, and assembly. Allicin also alleviates the inflammatory response induced by PRRSV infection, making it a promising candidate for anti-PRRSV therapy.
Article
Virology
Yanhua Li, Chenxi Li
Summary: This study demonstrates that PRV1 antagonizes host innate immune responses through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting interferon production and signaling, as well as interfering with MDA5 and RIG-I signaling pathways. These findings provide important insights into the pathogenicity of PRV1.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Chenxi Li, Linjie Zhang, Xuan Chen, Daoyuan Jiang, Jingbo Hu, Jinyao Guo, Jingjing Ding, Xue Jiao, Wenbin Bao, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study evaluated the potential of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a stable vector for gene delivery. Using JEV genotype I (GI) as the backbone, a series of recombinant viruses expressing different foreign genes were successfully generated. These recombinant viruses exhibited excellent genetic stability and efficient expression of foreign genes for at least ten serial passages in vitro. In a mouse vaccination model, the recombinant viruses were able to induce antibody responses. Therefore, GI JEV strains have the potential to serve as viral vectors for the expression of large foreign genes.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Bob Boogaard, Ali Tas, Joep Nijssen, Freek Broeren, John van den Dobbelsteen, Vincent Verhoeven, Jip Pluim, Sing Dekker, Eric J. Snijder, Martijn J. van Hemert, Sander Herfst
Summary: Due to shortages caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, three models of facemasks were designed to meet FFP2 requirements and can be produced locally.
AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Virology
Naiqing Xu, Xinen Tang, Xin Wang, Miao Cai, Xiaowen Liu, Xiaolong Lu, Shunlin Hu, Min Gu, Jiao Hu, Ruyi Gao, Kaituo Liu, Yu Chen, Xiufan Liu, Xiaoquan Wang
Summary: This study found that the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus has a high airborne transmissibility, while the H7N9 virus does not. The Hemagglutinin protein of the H9N2 virus was found to play a key role in replication, stability, and airborne transmission.
Article
Virology
Samar S. Ewies, Sabry M. Tamam, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim, Sherin R. Rouby
Summary: Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats worldwide. The study provided a clinical description of CE and screened for genetic variation in the B2L gene. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia and oral lesions, while inoculated chicken embryos showed pock lesions. The B2L gene was successfully amplified and found to be highly conserved.
Article
Virology
Yigal Farnoushi, Dan Heller, Avishai Lublin
Summary: In recent years, new variants of avian reovirus (ARV) have caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. This study analyzed emerging ARV variants in Israel and found significant genetic diversity. Most ARV isolates in Israel belonged to genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The study suggests that Israel has not experienced the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585), but ongoing monitoring is needed due to the continuous emergence of ARV variants.
Article
Virology
Shigeru Tajima, Michiyo Kataoka, Yuki Takamatsu, Hideki Ebihara, Chang-Kweng Lim
Summary: Yokose virus (YOKV), a bat-associated flavivirus, was found to replicate at a slower rate in mosquito cells compared to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Specific nucleotide mutations in the virus were identified to enhance its proliferation ability in mosquito cells.
Article
Virology
Alejandra Borjabad, Baojun Dong, Wei Chao, David J. Volsky, Mary Jane Potash
Summary: This study investigated HIV brain disease using a mouse model, and found that poly I:C can reverse associated cognitive impairment and reduce virus burden. The results also revealed transcriptional changes related to neuronal function and innate immune responses.
Article
Virology
Ching-Hung Lin, Feng-Cheng Hsieh, Meilin Wang, Chieh Hsu, Hsuan-Wei Hsu, Chun-Chun Yang, Cheng-Yao Yang, Hung-Yi Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the synthesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA is not solely determined by the sequence homology between the leader TRS and TRS-B, but also by the disassociation of the coronavirus polymerase from the viral genome. This finding provides a new insight into the transcription mechanism of coronaviruses.
Article
Virology
Nicholas S. Kron, Benjamin W. Neuman, Sathish Kumar, Patricia L. Blackwelder, Dayana Vidal, Delphina Z. Walker-Phelan, Patrick D. I. Gibbs, Lynne A. Fieber, Michael C. Schmale
Summary: Two recent studies documented the genome of a novel virus in marine animals, finding that the virus is widespread in apparently healthy animals but not highly expressed in neurons. The studies also identified viral replication factories and high levels of defective genomes in chronically infected animals.
Article
Virology
Andrew M. Ramey, Laura C. Scott, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Evan J. Buck, Alison R. Williams, Mia Kim Torchetti, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. Poulson
Summary: We successfully detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in hunter-harvested wild waterfowl samples from western Alaska. Genomic analysis revealed three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our findings demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of using molecular processing approaches directly on original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
Article
Virology
Ting Gong, Dongdong Wu, Yongzhi Feng, Xing Liu, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Zheng, Zebu Song, Heng Wang, Guihong Zhang, Lang Gong
Summary: This study discovered that quercetin can inhibit PEDV replication both in vivo and in vitro, and alleviate the clinical symptoms and intestinal injury caused by the virus. This provides a new direction for the development of PED antiviral drugs.
Article
Virology
Min Zhu, Hao Zeng, Jianqiao He, Yaohui Zhu, Pingping Wang, Jianing Guo, Jinfan Guo, Huabo Zhou, Yifeng Qin, Kang Ouyang, Zuzhang Wei, Weijian Huang, Ying Chen
Summary: The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study found that the introduction of EA H1N1 internal genes into H9N2 virus restored the replication capability and resulted in extreme virulence in some cases. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.
