Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
Volume 5, Issue 9, Pages 2344-2351Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c6tc05571k
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Funding
- OSRAM GmbH
- University Duisburg-Essen
- Evonik
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Large-area light emitters like organic (OLEDs) or quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs) and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) have gained increasing interest due to their cost-effective fabrication on various even flexible substrates. The implementation of ZnO nanoparticles as an electron injection layer in large-area emitters leads to efficient solution-based devices. However, ZnO support layers are frequently in direct contact with water-sensitive emitter materials, which requires ZnO nanoparticles with minimum water content. A water-free synthesis route (except for the small amount of water formed during the synthesis) of ligand-free ZnO nanoparticles is presented. The spherical ZnO nanoparticles have a diameter of 3.4 nm, possess a high crystallinity, and form stable dispersions in ethanol or 1-hexanol. Their application together with a transition metal complex (iTMC)-LEC as an additional electron injection layer resulted in an increase of the device efficiency from 1.6 to 2.4 lm W-1 as well as the reduction of the run-up time to one fifth, compared to the same system without ZnO nanoparticles.
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