Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 124, Issue -, Pages 219-226Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.059
Keywords
Iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs); Iodate (IO3-); Zero valent iron (ZVI); Chloramination; Disinfection by-products (DBPs)
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of China [51678354, 51478323]
- National Major Science and Technology Project of China [2017ZX07207004]
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation [PCRRK16005]
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [MOST-104-2221-E-327-001-MY3]
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Iodide (I-) and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are the primary iodine sources for the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs), and iodate (IO3-) is believed to be a desired sink of iodine in water. This study found that highly cytotoxic iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) also can be generated from iodate-containing waters (without any other iodine sources) in the presence of zero valent iron (ZVI) during chloramination, which could be a big issue in the wide usage of iron pipes. The effect of major factors including ZVI dosage, NH2Cl and IO3- concentrations, initial pH, Br-/IO3- molar ratio, phosphate concentration, iron corrosion scales (goethite and hematite) on the formation of I-THMs were investigated. Formation of I-THMs from IO3- increased with the increase of ZVI dosage, IO3- and NH2Cl concentrations. Chloramines can also remarkably accelerate the reduction of IO3- by ZVI. Peak I-THM formation was found at pH 8. As the Br-/IO3- molar ratio increased from 0 to 20, I-THM formation considerably enhanced, especially for the bromine-incorporated species. Goethite and hematite enhanced the formation of I-THMs in the presence of ZVI. Additionally, a significant suppression on I-THM formation was observed with the addition of phosphate. Considering that a large number of water distribution networks contain unlined cast iron pipes, transformation of IO3- in the presence of ZVI during chloramination may contribute to the formation of I-THMs in such systems.
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