The many faces of fear: a synthesis of the methodological variation in characterizing predation risk

Why are we not evaluating multiple competing hypotheses in ecology and evolution?

(2017) Gustavo S. Betini et al.   Royal Society Open Science

Phantoms of the forest: legacy risk effects of a regionally extinct large carnivore

(2016) Ellinor Sahlén et al.   Ecology and Evolution

Context dependence of risk effects: wolves and tree logs create patches of fear in an old-growth forest

(2015) Dries P.J. Kuijper et al.   BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

Anti-predator behaviour of kudu and impala in response to mimicked African wild dog presence: do age and sex matter?

(2015) Esther van der Meer et al.   BEHAVIOUR

Behavioural responses of ungulates to indirect cues of an ambush predator

(2015) Camilla Wikenros et al.   BEHAVIOUR

Unveiling trade-offs in resource selection of migratory caribou using a mechanistic movement model of availability

(2015) Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Recovering aspen follow changing elk dynamics in Yellowstone: evidence of a trophic cascade?

(2015) Luke E. Painter et al.   ECOLOGY

Plastic response of fearful prey to the spatiotemporal dynamics of predator distribution

(2015) Mathieu Basille et al.   ECOLOGY

Moose anti-predator behaviour towards baying dogs in a wolf-free area

(2015) Göran Ericsson et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH

Space-use behaviour of woodland caribou based on a cognitive movement model

(2015) Tal Avgar et al.   JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY

Adjustments in habitat selection to changing availability induce fitness costs for a threatened ungulate

(2015) Chrystel L. Losier et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY

An experimental study on risk effects in a dwarf antelope,Madoqua guentheri

(2015) Adam T. Ford et al.   JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY

Risk perception by endangered European bison Bison bonasus is context (condition) dependent

(2015) Matt W. Hayward et al.   LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

Scale-Dependent Effects of Coyote-Predation Risk on Patterns of White-Tailed Deer Browsing along Linear Forest Edges

(2015) Joshua L.B. Pierce et al.   NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST

Trophic Cascades by Large Carnivores: A Case for Strong Inference and Mechanism

(2015) Adam T. Ford et al.   TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION

A “death trap” in the landscape of fear

(2015) Krzysztof Schmidt et al.   Mammal Research

The Sensory Ecology of Nonconsumptive Predator Effects

(2014) Marc Weissburg et al.   AMERICAN NATURALIST

African ungulates recognize a locally extinct native predator

(2014) Fredrik Dalerum et al.   BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

Maternal tactics for mitigating neonate predation risk during the postpartum period in Thomson’s gazelle

(2014) Blair A. Roberts et al.   BEHAVIOUR

Context dependence of elk (Cervus elaphus) vigilance and wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk

(2014) Cristina Eisenberg et al.   CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

Predation risk, elk, and aspen: reply

(2014) John Winnie   ECOLOGY

Predation risk, elk, and aspen: comment

(2014) Robert L. Beschta et al.   ECOLOGY

Individual Heterogeneity in Use of Human Shields by Mountain Nyala

(2014) Anagaw Atickem et al.   ETHOLOGY

Climate and the landscape of fear in an African savanna

(2014) Corinna Riginos   JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY

Bottom-up and top-down influences on pregnancy rates and recruitment of northern Yellowstone elk

(2014) Kelly M. Proffitt et al.   JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Continuous predictors of species distributions support categorically stronger inference than ordinal and nominal classes: an example with urban bats

(2014) F. M. Caryl et al.   LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

Testing the risk of predation hypothesis: the influence of recolonizing wolves on habitat use by moose

(2014) Kerry L. Nicholson et al.   OECOLOGIA

Living and dying in a multi-predator landscape of fear: roe deer are squeezed by contrasting pattern of predation risk imposed by lynx and humans

(2014) Karen Lone et al.   OIKOS

What Cues Do Ungulates Use to Assess Predation Risk in Dense Temperate Forests?

(2014) Dries P. J. Kuijper et al.   PLoS One

Consequences of a Refuge for the Predator-Prey Dynamics of a Wolf-Elk System in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

(2014) Joshua F. Goldberg et al.   PLoS One

Ecosystem Scale Declines in Elk Recruitment and Population Growth with Wolf Colonization: A Before-After-Control-Impact Approach

(2014) David Christianson et al.   PLoS One

Diet quality in a wild grazer declines under the threat of an ambush predator

(2014) F. Barnier et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Large carnivores make savanna tree communities less thorny

(2014) A. T. Ford et al.   SCIENCE

Status and Ecological Effects of the World's Largest Carnivores

(2014) W. J. Ripple et al.   SCIENCE

Foraging–vigilance trade-offs in a partially migratory population: comparing migrants and residents on a sympatric range

(2013) Barry G. Robinson et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Predator cue studies reveal strong trait-mediated effects in communities despite variation in experimental designs

(2013) Rachel A. Paterson et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Behavioural responses of free-ranging western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) to olfactory cues of historical and recently introduced predators

(2013) Valentina S. A. Mella et al.   AUSTRAL ECOLOGY

Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland

(2013) D. P. J. Kuijper et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Decomposing risk: Landscape structure and wolf behavior generate different predation patterns in two sympatric ungulates

(2013) Vincenzo Gervasi et al.   ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade: reply

(2013) Matthew J. Kauffman et al.   ECOLOGY

Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd

(2013) Arthur D. Middleton et al.   ECOLOGY

Benefits of migration in relation to nutritional condition and predation risk in a partially migratory moose population

(2013) Kevin S. White et al.   ECOLOGY

Linking anti-predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore

(2013) Arthur D. Middleton et al.   ECOLOGY LETTERS

Trade-offs between food availability and predation risk in desert environments: The case of polygynous monomorphic guanaco (Lama guanicoe)

(2013) Pablo Acebes et al.   JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS

Factors driving variation in movement rate and seasonality of sympatric ungulates

(2013) Floris M. van Beest et al.   JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY

Activity patterns and temporal avoidance by prey in response to Sunda clouded leopard predation risk

(2013) J. Ross et al.   JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

Effects of livestock and non-native mouflon on use of high-elevation pastures by Alpine chamois

(2013) Roberta Chirichella et al.   MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY

Innate threat-sensitive foraging: black-tailed deer remain more fearful of wolf than of the less dangerous black bear even after 100 years of wolf absence

(2013) Simon Chamaillé-Jammes et al.   OECOLOGIA

Temporal variation in site fidelity: scale-dependent effects of forage abundance and predation risk in a non-migratory large herbivore

(2013) F. M. van Beest et al.   OECOLOGIA

Spatial Heterogeneity in the Strength of Plant-Herbivore Interactions under Predation Risk: The Tale of Bison Foraging in Wolf Country

(2013) Léa Harvey et al.   PLoS One

Short-Term Behavioural Responses of Impalas in Simulated Antipredator and Social Contexts

(2013) François-René Favreau et al.   PLoS One

Underestimating the frequency, strength and cost of antipredator responses with data from GPS collars: an example with wolves and elk

(2013) Scott Creel et al.   Ecology and Evolution

Influence of immediate predation risk by lions on the vigilance of prey of different body size

(2012) S. Périquet et al.   BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

Domestic dogs shape the landscape-scale distribution of a threatened forest ungulate

(2012) Eduardo A. Silva-Rodríguez et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Distributional niche of relatively rare sable antelope in a South African savanna: habitat versus biotic relationships

(2012) George J. Chirima et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Can rare positive interactions become common when large carnivores consume livestock?

(2012) Vijayan Sundararaj et al.   ECOLOGY

Predation risk, elk, and aspen: tests of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

(2012) John A. Winnie   ECOLOGY

The Effect of Simulated African Wild Dog Presence on Anti-predator Behaviour of Kudu and Impala

(2012) Esther Meer et al.   ETHOLOGY

The influence of winter severity, predation and senescence on moose habitat use

(2012) Robert A. Montgomery et al.   JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY

Evaluating apparent competition in limiting the recovery of an endangered ungulate

(2012) Heather E. Johnson et al.   OECOLOGIA

Costs of predator-induced phenotypic plasticity: a graphical model for predicting the contribution of nonconsumptive and consumptive effects of predators on prey

(2012) Scott D. Peacor et al.   OECOLOGIA

Prey habitat selection under shared predation: tradeoffs between risk and competition?

(2012) Sundararaj Vijayan et al.   OIKOS

Manipulating resource use by goats with predator fecal odors

(2012) Tarnya E. Cox et al.   WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN

African ungulates and their drinking problems: hunting and predation risks constrain access to water

(2011) William-Georges Crosmary et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Habitat selection and spatial relationships of black bears (Ursus americanus) with woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northeastern Alberta

(2011) A.D.M. Latham et al.   CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

Body condition and pregnancy in northern Yellowstone elk: Evidence for predation risk effects?

(2011) P. J. White et al.   ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Toward a predictive theory of risk effects: hypotheses for prey attributes and compensatory mortality

(2011) Scott Creel   ECOLOGY

Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade: comment

(2011) Robert L. Beschta et al.   ECOLOGY

Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time-to-event approach

(2011) Jesse Whittington et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY

Indirect measures of reproductive effort in a resource-defense polygynous ungulate: territorial defense by male guanacos

(2011) Andrea Marino   JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY

Variations in elk aggregation patterns across a range of elk population sizes at Wall Creek, Montana

(2011) Kelly M. Proffitt et al.   JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Implications of ignoring telemetry error on inference in wildlife resource use models

(2011) Robert A. Montgomery et al.   JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Calving rate, calf survival rate, and habitat selection of forest-dwelling caribou in a highly managed landscape

(2011) Véronique Pinard et al.   JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Demographic balancing of migrant and resident elk in a partially migratory population through forage-predation tradeoffs

(2011) Mark Hebblewhite et al.   OIKOS

Individual vigilance of African herbivores while drinking: the role of immediate predation risk and context

(2010) Stéphanie Périquet et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Behavioral response races, predator–prey shell games, ecology of fear, and patch use of pumas and their ungulate prey

(2010) John W. Laundré   ECOLOGY

A nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk

(2010) David Christianson et al.   ECOLOGY

Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade

(2010) Matthew J. Kauffman et al.   ECOLOGY

Minimizing predation risk in a landscape of multiple predators: effects on the spatial distribution of African ungulates

(2010) Maria Thaker et al.   ECOLOGY

A comparison of shark and wolf research reveals similar behavioral responses by prey

(2010) Aaron J Wirsing et al.   FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Non-lethal effects of predation in birds

(2010) WILL CRESSWELL   IBIS

Spatio-temporal overlap between Yellowstone bison and elk - implications of wolf restoration and other factors for brucellosis transmission risk

(2010) Kelly M. Proffitt et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY

Migration of northern Yellowstone elk: implications of spatial structuring

(2010) P. J. White et al.   JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY

Pest Responses to Odors From Predators Fed a Diet of Target Species Conspecifics and Heterospecifics

(2010) Tarnya E. Cox et al.   JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Are migrant and resident elk (Cervus elaphus) exposed to similar forage and predation risk on their sympatric winter range?

(2010) Barry G. Robinson et al.   OECOLOGIA

Differential risk effects of wolves on wild versus domestic prey have consequences for conservation

(2010) Tyler B. Muhly et al.   OIKOS

Group Dynamics of Zebra and Wildebeest in a Woodland Savanna: Effects of Predation Risk and Habitat Density

(2010) Maria Thaker et al.   PLoS One

Group-size-dependent association between food profitability, predation risk and distribution of free-ranging bison

(2009) Daniel Fortin et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

The paradox of risk allocation: a review and prospectus

(2009) Maud C.O. Ferrari et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

The attraction of the known: the importance of spatial familiarity in habitat selection in wapitiCervus elaphus

(2009) Mosheh Wolf et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: Spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use

(2009) M. Valeix et al.   ECOLOGY

Trade-offs between predation risk and forage differ between migrant strategies in a migratory ungulate

(2009) Mark Hebblewhite et al.   ECOLOGY

Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades

(2009) Scott Creel et al.   ECOLOGY

The Importance of Sex and Spatial Scale When Evaluating Sexual Segregation by Elk in Yellowstone

(2009) Andrew J. Gregory et al.   JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY

Contrasting Effects of Wolves and Human Hunters on Elk Behavioral Responses to Predation Risk

(2009) Kelly M. Proffitt et al.   JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction

(2009) S. Creel et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk

(2008) Scott Creel et al.   ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Risk effects in elk: sex-specific responses in grazing and browsing due to predation risk from wolves

(2008) David Christianson et al.   BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

Does habitat type modify group size in roe deer and red deer under predation risk by Iberian wolves?

(2008) I. Barja et al.   CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

MEASURING THE IMPACT OF DYNAMIC ANTIPREDATOR TRAITS ON PREDATOR–PREY–RESOURCE INTERACTIONS

(2008) Peter A. Abrams   ECOLOGY

Vigilance Patterns of Territorial Guanacos (Lama guanicoe): The Role of Reproductive Interests and Predation Risk

(2008) Andrea Marino et al.   ETHOLOGY

Habitat selection by ungulates in relation to predation risk by wolves and humans in the Białowieża Forest, Poland

(2008) Jörn Theuerkauf et al.   FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Recoupling fire and aspen recruitment after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA

(2008) Joshua S. Halofsky et al.   FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Trophic consequences of postfire logging in a wolf–ungulate system

(2008) M. Hebblewhite et al.   FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Vigilance in Przewalski's gazelle: effects of sex, predation risk and group size

(2008) Z. Li et al.   JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

The scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates

(2008) Andrew M. Kittle et al.   OECOLOGIA

Fine-scale predation risk on elk after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA

(2008) Joshua S. Halofsky et al.   OECOLOGIA

Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines

(2008) Michael R. Heithaus et al.   TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION

Relationships between direct predation and risk effects

(2008) Scott Creel et al.   TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION

Defining the problem: terminology and progress in ecology

(2007) Karen E Hodges   FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT