Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Guocai Chai, Jens Bergstrom, Christer Burman
Summary: In this study, the formation of FGA in a non-defect matrix of austenitic steel during very high cycle fatigue was investigated using a stepwise load-increasing method and ECCI technique. A new phenomenon of nano rough surface or FGA at the fatigue crack origin was observed in the subsurface matrix without any defect. A mechanism based on the dislocation plasticity theory was proposed, suggesting that FGA formation is a localized plasticity exhausting process. This research is of great importance for understanding the mechanism of FGA formation and fatigue fracture in materials.
FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xue Li, Chao He, Xiangyu Wang, Yao Chen, Chong Wang, Hong Zhang, Lang Li, Yongjie Liu, Qingyuan Wang
Summary: This study investigated the behavior and crack initiation mechanism of super martensitic stainless steel under very-high-cycle fatigue at elevated temperature. The cracks in this condition initiated from the surface and formed a fine granular area. This area consisted of an initiation site, a smooth region, and an annular continuous fine granular area. The fine granular area formed in the peaks and valleys of local microstructures, while the smooth regions connected these peaks and valleys dominated by shear stress.
FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fulin Liu, Yao Chen, Lang Li, Chong Wang, Qingyuan Wang, Yongjie Liu
Summary: The interior defect-induced crack initiation mechanism and early growth behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) have been investigated in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime. The findings show that the formation of fine granular area (FGA) is composed of discontinuous nanograins, which are associated with dislocation movement and grain boundaries. Additionally, the fatigue loading process and the LPBF process contribute to the development of microvoids, accelerating the extension of microcracks.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Luo, Huang Yuan
Summary: In this study, the deformation-induced martensitic transformation in metastable austenitic steel was monitored in situ using the magnetic permeability method. The magnetic response and Villari effect under cyclic loading were systematically investigated. Phenomenological and stress partitioning models were proposed to describe the variation of martensitic phases and the distribution of macroscopic stress among constituent phases.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tulani W. Mukarati, Roelf J. Mostert, Charles W. Siyasiya, Waldo E. Stumpf
Summary: Boltzmann-type sigmoidal equations have been developed to model the tensile strain hardening and flow stress behavior of a metastable AISI 301LN austenitic stainless steel subjected to prior cold deformation. The compressive pre-strain has a strong effect on the material's martensite content, tensile yield strength, and energy absorption capability.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Carsten Wickmann, Christopher Benz, Horst Heyer, Kerstin Witte-Bodnar, Jan Schaefer, Manuela Sander
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the formation of the 'fine granular area' (FGA) in additively manufactured Ti6Al4V specimens with artificially generated internal defects in the early stage of fatigue crack growth in the 'very high cycle fatigue' (VHCF) regime. Fatigue tests were conducted using an ultrasonic fatigue testing setup, and failed specimens were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. Alternative proposals for identifying the FGA layer were introduced, and various fracture mechanical approaches were applied to evaluate the possibility of FGA formation, with results compared to experimental findings.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Amin Khayatzadeh, Jan Sippel, Stefan Guth, Karl-Heinz Lang, Eberhard Kerscher
Summary: Thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) at the temperature of maximum dynamic strain aging has been optimized and performed on SAE4140H steel to improve its fatigue limit in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regimes. The results of fatigue tests with ultimate cycle numbers of 10^7 and 10^9 showed that TMT can increase both the fatigue lifetime and the fatigue limit in the HCF and VHCF regimes. The increased stress intensity factors of critical inclusions after TMT suggest that the improved effect can be attributed to the stabilized microstructure around critical crack-initiating inclusions through the locking of edge dislocations by carbon atoms during TMT.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ulrich Krupp, Alexander Giertler
Summary: By comparing the VHCF response of heat-treated alloy steel, it was found that steels of moderate strength have a real endurance limit, while the fatigue strength of high strength or coarse-grained steels decreases with increasing number of load cycles.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tianwei Liu, Lunwei Liang, Dierk Raabe, Lanhong Dai
Summary: This study provides new evidence and insights into the martensitic transformation in carbon steels through transmission electron microscopy. The migration pathway and underlying mechanisms of this transformation are revealed, shedding light on nanostructural control of metals and alloys.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Yuming Zou, Qihan Gao, Hua Ding, Yu Zhang, Zhengyou Tang
Summary: This study investigates the characteristics of martensitic transformation in medium Mn steel under different strain states and proposes a strain state dependent α'-martensitic transformation kinetics law, which provides a reasonable prediction for the transformation behavior of medium Mn steel.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhongxia Shang, Tianyi Sun, Jie Ding, Nicholas A. Richter, Nathan M. Heckman, Benjamin C. White, Brad L. Boyce, Khalid Hattar, Haiyan Wang, Xinghang Zhang
Summary: Nanostructured metallic materials with abundant high-angle grain boundaries demonstrate high strength and good radiation resistance. However, the nanoscale grains also impair the tensile ductility. A gradient nanostructured ferritic steel is shown to simultaneously improve yield strength by 36% and uniform elongation by 50% compared to a homogeneously structured counterpart. In-situ tension studies combined with electron backscattered diffraction analyses reveal intricate coordinated deformation mechanisms in the gradient structures. The plastic strain sustained by the outermost nanolaminate grains through a significant deformation mechanism involving prominent grain reorientation contributes to the delay of fracture onset, altering the rupture mode in the post-necking regime. This discovery emphasizes the inherent plasticity of nanolaminate grains and their importance in the simultaneous improvement of strength and tensile ductility in structural metallic materials.
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Simin Dourandish, Henri Champliaud, Jean-Benoit Morin, Mohammad Jahazi
Summary: This study analyzes the material flow behavior and microstructure evolution during the hot deformation of a martensitic stainless steel. The research aims to simulate the open die forging process. Hot compression tests and finite element simulations show good correlation between the flow behavior predictions and experimental results. The proposed approach integrates microstructure-based finite element simulation with a three-dimensional processing map for optimizing the hot deformation process of martensitic stainless steels.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Junkui Li, Zhinan Yang, Ma Hua, Chen Chen, Fucheng Zhang
Summary: Nanoscale lath martensite with high density dislocations and fine V carbides embedded in heterogeneous lamellar structure was achieved in Medium-C (0.46%) martensitic steel through a multistage rolling process followed by oil quenching and low-temperature tempering. The tensile properties demonstrated a yield strength of 1809 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 2590 MPa, and uniform elongation of 12.6%. This excellent combination of strength and ductility is comparable to, and even superior than, other high-strength high-ductility metallic materials. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms were briefly discussed.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Garrett A. Webster, Alireza Behvar, Shawkat I. Shakil, Riyanka Ribble, Kathleen Chou, Ajay Krishnamurthy, Shahab Zekriardehani, Joseph Lawrence, Sajad Shakerin, Mohsen Mohammadi, Andrea Tridello, Davide S. Paolino, Meysam Haghshenas
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the VHCF characterization of WAAM ER100S-G steel, revealing its extended fatigue life behavior and failure mechanisms. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing design guidelines for additive manufacturing in high-cycle and very high-cycle fatigue domains.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yinzhong Shen, Jianxing Wo
Summary: M3C2 (Cr3C2 type) carbide, a Cr-rich alloy phase, was observed in an 11%Cr ferritic/martensitic steel after normalization and tempering through transmission electron microscopy. The carbide showed irregular block, branch crystal-like, and needle-like morphologies, with sizes ranging from 100 to 350nm in diameter and 200-470nm in length. Its approximate chemical formula was (Cr0.55Fe0.4W0.05)3C2. The formation mechanism of the carbide during tempering was discussed.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)