Article
Clinical Neurology
Nail Benallegue, Hania Kebir, Richa Kapoor, Alexis Crockett, Cen Li, Lara Cheslow, Mohamed S. Abdel-Hakeem, James Gesualdi, Miles C. Miller, E. John Wherry, Molly E. Church, M. Andres Blanco, Jorge Alvarez
Summary: The study reveals the previously unrecognized role of the endogenous hedgehog signaling pathway in regulating pathogenic inflammation within the central nervous system. By targeting CD4 T cells and modulating the production of inflammatory cytokines, the hedgehog pathway shows potential as a therapeutic strategy to limit the progression of ongoing neuroinflammation. Systemic administration of a hedgehog agonist after disease onset effectively halts disease progression and reduces neuroinflammation and associated neuropathology.
Article
Immunology
Gustaf Ulfhammer, Arvid Eden, Andrea Antinori, Bruce J. Brew, Andrea Calcagno, Paola Cinque, Valentina De Zan, Lars Hagberg, Amy Lin, Staffan Nilsson, Cristiana Oprea, Carmela Pinnetti, Serena Spudich, Mattia Trunfio, Alan Winston, Richard W. Price, Magnus Gisslen
Summary: This large multicenter study aimed to determine variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-RNA in different stages of untreated HIV-1 infection and its associations with other biomarkers. The results showed that CSF HIV-RNA was generally lower than plasma HIV-RNA, but a substantial proportion of patients had higher CSF levels, particularly those with HIV-associated dementia.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Basma Abdi, Mouna Chebbi, Marc Wirden, Elisa Teyssou, Sophie Sayon, Romain Palich, Sophie Seang, Marc-Antoine Valantin, Anne Simon, Roland Tubiana, Christine Katlama, Vincent Calvez, Anne-Genevieve Marcelin, Cathia Soulie
Summary: This study revealed similar integrase inhibitor resistance profiles in the CNS and plasma among a population of HIV-1 viraemic patients, with the majority of patients infected with non-B subtypes.
JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Lauren Killingsworth, Serena Spudich
Summary: This review summarizes the neuroplathogenesis of HIV, covering the virus's entry, replication, and persistence in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advancements have shed light on the timing and mechanisms of early HIV infection in the CNS, establishment of distinct viral reservoirs, and maintenance of chronic infection. Despite antiretroviral therapy, HIV can persist and replicate in the CNS, causing ongoing neuropathology. Understanding the immune mechanisms in controlling viral infection and their effects on the brain is crucial for optimizing long-term neurologic health in individuals with HIV.
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Clinical Neurology
Lorraine Chishimba Chishimba, Mashina Chomba, Stanley Zimba, Melody Tunsubilege Asukile, Obrie Makai, Deanna R. Saylor
Summary: Neurocognitive decline remains prevalent in HIV infection despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a broad differential diagnosis including infectious and non-infectious causes. This case report describes a man with HIV on ART who presented with rapidly progressive dementia in Zambia. Initial empiric treatment was ineffective, leading to a re-evaluation and ultimately discovering the correct diagnosis. The case highlights the stepwise approach to diagnosis in a resource-limited setting with a high burden of HIV infection.
Article
Microbiology
Da Cheng, Zhenwu Luo, Xiaoyu Fu, Sophie Stephenson, Clara Di Germanio, Philip J. Norris, Dietmar Fuchs, Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, Quan-zhen Li, Henrik Zetterberg, Magnus Gisslen, Richard W. Price, Shifang Peng, Wei Jiang
Summary: This study reveals the presence of an autoantibody in the central nervous system of HIV patients, and its levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are correlated with markers of neuroinflammation.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Catherine R. Cochrane, Thomas A. Angelovich, Sarah J. Byrnes, Emily Waring, Aleks C. Guanizo, Gemma S. Trollope, Jingling Zhou, Judith Vue, Lachlan Senior, Emma Wanicek, Janna Jamal Eddine, Matthew J. Gartner, Trisha A. Jenkins, Paul R. Gorry, Bruce J. Brew, Sharon R. Lewin, Jacob D. Estes, Michael Roche, Melissa J. Churchill
Summary: This study provides the first quantitative assessment of intact and defective HIV reservoirs in the brains of people with HIV. Despite antiretroviral therapy, HIV persists in the CNS, with similar levels of viral reservoirs in the brain and lymphoid tissue. Importantly, CNS resident CD68+ myeloid cells in virally suppressed individuals were found to harbor HIV DNA, indicating the presence of a CNS resident HIV reservoir.
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yosuke Harada, Tomohisa Sujino, Kentaro Miyamoto, Ena Nomura, Yusuke Yoshimatsu, Shun Tanemoto, Satoko Umeda, Keiko Ono, Yohei Mikami, Nobuhiro Nakamoto, Kaoru Takabayashi, Naoki Hosoe, Haruhiko Ogata, Tuneo Ikenoue, Atsushi Hirao, Yoshiaki Kubota, Takanori Kanai
Summary: This study revealed the metabolic properties of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and found that the intraepithelial compartment becomes hypoxic in the presence of microbes. Induced CD4(+)CD8 alpha alpha+TCR beta(+) T cells (DPIELs) increase in this location and have lower oxygen and glucose consumption, as well as unique alterations in mitochondria.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Enrico Ripamonti, Arvid Eden, Staffan Nilsson, Anders Sonnerborg, Henrik Zetterberg, Magnus Gisslen
Summary: This retrospective follow-up study investigates the longitudinal change of plasma neurofilament light (NfL) levels after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in people living with HIV. The results show that plasma NfL levels are higher at baseline and decline faster during the follow-up in patients with CD4(+) count 100 cells/μl or higher. There is no significant correlation between baseline HIV RNA levels, treatment regimen, and sex with plasma NfL levels.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Shelli F. Farhadian, Ofir Lindenbaum, Jun Zhao, Michael J. Corley, Yunju Im, Hannah Walsh, Alyssa Vecchio, Rolando Garcia-Milian, Jennifer Chiarella, Michelle Chintanaphol, Rachela Calvi, Guilin Wang, Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, Jennifer Yoon, Diane Trotta, Shuangge Ma, Yuval Kluger, Serena Spudich
Summary: People with HIV on antiretroviral therapy experience neurological impairment, possibly due to viral or neuroimmune causes. Single-cell analysis of paired cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood revealed the production of HIV-1 RNA in central memory CD4+ T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as a higher frequency of infected cells in the cerebrospinal fluid compared to the blood. Additionally, rare microglia-like cells in the cerebrospinal fluid were identified using a reliable cell surface marker, CD204. Abnormal CD8+ T cell activation was found to be prevalent in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with HIV, suggesting ongoing CNS viral persistence and compartmentalized neuroimmune effects.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Visesha Kakarla, Scott L. Letendre, Ronald J. Ellis
Summary: Accumulation of soluble proteins and metabolites during wakefulness and their clearance during sleep via the glymphatic system is disturbed in some neurological conditions and has not been evaluated in people with HIV.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Xiao-Peng Dai, Feng-Ying Wu, Cheng Cui, Xue-Jiao Liao, Yan-Mei Jiao, Chao Zhang, Jin-Wen Song, Xing Fan, Ji-Yuan Zhang, Qing He, Fu-Sheng Wang
Summary: Platelet-T cell aggregates play a critical role in maintaining inflammation in chronic HIV-1 infection. The formation of platelet-CD4(+) T cell aggregates was increased in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals compared to healthy controls. Higher levels of these aggregates were associated with HIV-1 permissiveness and immune activation during HIV-1 infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Haihua Wu, Jing Liu, Xuhan Zhang, Xueyao Zhang, Jianzhen Zhang, Enbo Ma
Summary: In this study, four alternative splicing transcripts of icCuZnSOD1 in Oxya chinensis were identified, showing differences in heat resistance and antioxidant capacity. These variants exhibited varied expression patterns during developmental stages and in different tissues, with distinct responses to CuCl2 and ZnSO4. The transcripts played roles in defense against CdCl2-induced oxidative stress, with OcicCuZnSOD1a exhibiting the strongest antioxidant capacity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Stefan Petkov, Francesca Chiodi
Summary: This study compared the transcriptomes of CD4+ T naive (TN) and central memory (TCM) cells between HIV-1 infected patients receiving early antiretroviral therapy (EA) and controls. The results showed that there is a high degree of transcriptional complexity during the transition from CD4+ T-N to T-CM cells in controls, while in EA patients, the modulation of transcription factors is reduced, resulting in impaired T cell differentiation.
Article
Cell Biology
Patrick Ostkamp, Marie Deffner, Andreas Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Christian Wunsch, I-Na Lu, Gregory F. Wu, Susan Goelz, Philip L. De Jager, Tanja Kuhlmann, Catharina C. Gross, Luisa Klotz, Gerd Meyer zu Horste, Heinz Wiendl, Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf, Nicholas Schwab
Summary: This study reveals the presence of CNS-infiltrating lymphocytes in peripheral central nervous system (CNS) cells as a hallmark of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Through a comprehensive analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and CNS parenchyma single-cell RNA sequencing samples, the researchers identified tissue-resident memory T cells (T-RM) and CNS-resident myeloid cells in CSF. These findings have important implications for the detection and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Andrew Vakulin, Michael A. Green, Angela L. D'Rozario, David Stevens, Hannah Openshaw, Delwyn Bartlett, Keith Wong, R. Doug McEvoy, Ronald R. Grunstein, Caroline D. Rae
Summary: This study compared brain energy metabolism markers in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients vulnerable and resistant to driving impairment after extended wakefulness. Vulnerable patients showed impaired driving performance and lower levels of certain metabolites, suggesting potential for identifying at-risk OSA phenotype during fitness to drive assessments.
JOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Immunology
David Jakabek, Caroline D. Rae, Bruce J. Brew, Lucette A. Cysique
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the contributions of HIV infection, age, and cardiovascular risk factors to subcortical brain atrophy in PWH. The results showed that HIV infection was associated with smaller volumes of most subcortical structures, older PWH had a more rapid decline in caudate volumes, and cardiovascular risk factors were associated with smaller volumes and a more rapid decline in striatal volumes.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Thomas M. Gates, Kasey Metcalf, Mark Sabaz, Kate Young, Thushara Anandakumar, Grahame K. Simpson
Summary: This study investigated the base rates of invalid performance on the TOMM in clinical assessments of TBI patients, as well as the contributing factors to TOMM failure. The study found that TOMM failure rarely occurs in inpatient rehabilitation settings, but is more common in outpatient settings, especially among non-English-speaking individuals requiring an interpreter.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Xiaoying Yu, Judith D. D. Lobo, Erin Sundermann, Darren J. J. Baker, Russell P. P. Tracy, George A. A. Kuchel, Kathryn E. E. Stephenson, Scott L. L. Letendre, Bruce Brew, Lucette A. A. Cysique, Sannisha K. K. Dale, Chelsie Wallen, Ken M. M. Kunisaki, Giovanni Guaraldi, Jovana Milic, Alan Winston, David J. J. Moore, Joseph B. B. Margolick, Kristine M. M. Erlandson
Summary: This article summarizes the key oral presentations from the 12th Annual International Workshop on HIV and Aging, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities of HIV and aging research under the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop enriched our understanding of HIV and aging, identified the impact of COVID-19 on HIV communities, and offered future research directions.
AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Laura Cook, John Zaunders, Nabila Seddiki, David van Bockel, Anthony D. Kelleher, C. Mee Ling Munier
Summary: The study aims to extend the utility of activation induced marker (AIM) assays for tracking and quantifying pre-activation defined cell populations within T-cell memory responses. By labeling cells with different fluorescent dyes and performing AIM assays, the specific cell populations within antigen stimulated responses can be tracked.
IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Caroline D. Rae, Stephen R. Williams
Summary: The ISMRM study group has made recommendations for reporting methods in magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the Journal of Neurochemistry has decided to promote the use of a checklist based on these standards. This aims to enhance reproducibility and reliability of scientific research, facilitate the work of reviewers, and contribute to the education of the scientific community.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Gabrielle Todd, Caroline D. Rae, Janet L. Taylor, Nigel C. Rogasch, Jane E. Butler, Michael Hayes, Robert A. Wilcox, Simon C. Gandevia, Karl Aoun, Adrian Esterman, Simon J. G. Lewis, Julie M. Hall, Elie Matar, Jana Godau, Daniela Berg, Christian Plewnia, Anna-Katharina Von Thaler, Clarence Chiang, Kay L. Double
Summary: Research has found that increased thickness of the substantia nigra in healthy older adults may be associated with changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry. This finding has important implications for understanding brain changes in healthy older adults at risk of Parkinson's disease.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Htein Linn Aung, Mark Bloch, Trina Vincent, Limin Mao, Bruce J. Brew, Lucette A. Cysique
Summary: This study aims to assess the incidence rate of non-HIV age-related neurological disorders among PLHIV and found that older PLHIV had a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and combined ARC. However, non-HIV age-related neurological disorders are uncommon in older PLHIV.
JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Lauriane Juge, Patrick Foley, Alice Hatt, Jade Yeung, Lynne E. Bilston
Summary: This study verifies that magnetic resonance elastography can measure the nonlinear mechanical properties of ex vivo bovine liver tissue, and the results are slightly higher compared to standard rheological measurements, but with larger errors at lower preloads.
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucy Liu, Andre Bongers, Lynne E. Bilston, Lauriane Juge
Summary: Magnetic resonance elastography and diffusion tensor imaging can detect abnormal brain microstructural changes in neurodevelopmental disorders as early as 4 weeks after birth, suggesting their potential as complementary imaging tools for early diagnosis.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
A. L. Peek, T. J. Rebbeck, A. M. Leaver, S. L. Foster, K. M. Refshauge, N. A. Puts, G. Oeltzschner, MRS Expert Panel
Summary: The aim of this guideline is to provide evidence-based recommendations for using MEGA-PRESS to measure GABA levels. This widely used method at 3T is challenging and has a low signal-to-noise ratio. The guideline, developed by experts in MRS and guideline development, includes 23 recommendations across six domains and has been reviewed and approved by a panel of world leaders in MRS.
ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lavanya B. Achanta, Donald S. Thomas, Gary D. Housley, Caroline D. Rae
Summary: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in balancing anabolic and catabolic activities, and may have significant impacts on brain metabolism due to its high energy demands. Through NMR spectroscopy, we activated AMPK in guinea pig cortical tissue slices using direct and indirect activators, and found that different activator concentrations had distinct effects on metabolism. Direct activation with PF 06409577 increased Krebs cycle activity and restored pyruvate metabolism, while A769662 increased lactate and alanine production, as well as labeling of citrate and glutamine. These findings highlight the complex metabolic response to AMPK activators in the brain and emphasize the need for further research on their concentration- and mechanism-dependent impact.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Jun Cao, Iain Ball, Peter Humburg, Socrates Dokos, Caroline Rae
Summary: Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) is a promising imaging technique for noninvasively measuring tissue conductivity and permittivity. This study investigated the repeatability of conductivity measurements using phase-based MREPT and the impact of compressed SENSE (CS) and RF shimming on measurement precision. The results showed that conductivity measurements using CS with bFFE phase were more repeatable and precise than those using TSE. RF shimming with better field mapping further improved the precision of the conductivity measures.
PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Brian V. Y. Chow, Catherine Morgan, Caroline Rae, David I. Warton, Iona Novak, Suzanne Davies, Ann Lancaster, Gordana C. Popovic, Rodrigo R. N. Rizzo, Claudia Y. Rizzo, Maria Kyriagis, Robert D. Herbert, Bart Bolsterlee
Summary: This study used MRI and artificial intelligence methods to investigate the synchronous growth of human lower leg muscles. The findings showed that the muscles in the lower leg do not grow synchronously, with faster growth in infancy and before the age of 5. This finding is important for early detection of abnormal growth and targeted interventions for muscle-related conditions.
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
(2023)