Morphing in nature and beyond: a review of natural and synthetic shape-changing materials and mechanisms

The fern cavitation catapult: mechanism and design principles

(2016) C. Llorens et al.   Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Biomimetic 4D printing

(2016) A. Sydney Gladman et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

3D printed components with ultrasonically arranged microscale structure

(2016) Thomas M Llewellyn-Jones et al.   Smart Materials and Structures

Temperature-Responsive Tensile Actuator Based on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Yarn

(2016) Hyunsoo Kim et al.   Nano-Micro Letters

Temperature-Responsive Tensile Actuator Based on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Yarn

(2016) Hyunsoo Kim et al.   Nano-Micro Letters

Animal Hairs as Water-stimulated Shape Memory Materials: Mechanism and Structural Networks in Molecular Assemblies

(2016) Xueliang Xiao et al.   Scientific Reports

Air Ambient-Operated pNIPAM-Based Flexible Actuators Stimulated by Human Body Temperature and Sunlight

(2015) Yuki Yamamoto et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Self-Folding Thermo-Magnetically Responsive Soft Microgrippers

(2015) Joyce C. Breger et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Negative Poisson’s ratios in tendons: An unexpected mechanical response

(2015) Ruben Gatt et al.   Acta Biomaterialia

A Shape Memory Acrylamide/DNA Hydrogel Exhibiting Switchable Dual pH-Responsiveness

(2015) Yuwei Hu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Giving Direction to Motion and Surface with Ultra-Fast Speed Using Oriented Hydrogel Fibers

(2015) Li Liu et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Gradient Porous Elastic Hydrogels with Shape-Memory Property and Anisotropic Responses for Programmable Locomotion

(2015) Rongcong Luo et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Smart Muscle-Driven Self-Cleaning of Biomimetic Microstructures from Liquid Crystal Elastomers

(2015) Hamed Shahsavan et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

3D-Printed Artificial Microfish

(2015) Wei Zhu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Self-folding graphene-polymer bilayers

(2015) Tao Deng et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Remarkable shape memory effect of a natural biopolymer in aqueous environment

(2015) Z.Q. Liu et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Hygromorphic materials for sustainable responsive architecture

(2015) Artem Holstov et al.   CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS

Thermoresponsive Properties of PNIPAM-Based Hydrogels: Effect of Molecular Architecture and Embedded Gold Nanoparticles

(2015) Hong Hanh Nguyen et al.   LANGMUIR

4D Printing with Mechanically Robust, Thermally Actuating Hydrogels

(2015) Shannon E. Bakarich et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications

(2015) Michael C. Koetting et al.   MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING R-REPORTS

Design, fabrication and control of soft robots

(2015) Daniela Rus et al.   NATURE

Magnetically assisted slip casting of bioinspired heterogeneous composites

(2015) Hortense Le Ferrand et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer networks and elastomers

(2015) Timothy J. White et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Shape memory polymers: Past, present and future developments

(2015) Martin D. Hager et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Recent progress in shape memory polymer: New behavior, enabling materials, and mechanistic understanding

(2015) Qian Zhao et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Voxelated liquid crystal elastomers

(2015) Taylor H. Ware et al.   SCIENCE

Photothermally driven fast responding photo-actuators fabricated with comb-type hydrogels and magnetite nanoparticles

(2015) Eunsu Lee et al.   Scientific Reports

Hydro-Responsive Curling of the Resurrection Plant Selaginella lepidophylla

(2015) Ahmad Rafsanjani et al.   Scientific Reports

Programmable Liquid Crystal Elastomers Prepared by Thiol–Ene Photopolymerization

(2015) Taylor H. Ware et al.   ACS Macro Letters

3D Printing: 3D-Printing of Lightweight Cellular Composites (Adv. Mater. 34/2014)

(2014) Brett G. Compton et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Structural origins of morphing in plant tissues

(2014) Benny Bar-On et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Biomimetic photo-actuation: sensing, control and actuation in sun-tracking plants

(2014) M P M Dicker et al.   Bioinspiration & Biomimetics

Effect of block ratio and strain amplitude on thermal, structural, and shape memory properties of segmented polycaprolactone-based polyurethanes

(2014) Milad Momtaz et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

Polymeric Actuators

(2014) Leonid Ionov   LANGMUIR

Shape-Morphing Nanocomposite Origami

(2014) Christine M. Andres et al.   LANGMUIR

Hydrogel-based actuators: possibilities and limitations

(2014) Leonid Ionov   Materials Today

Programmed morphing of liquid crystal networks

(2014) Laurens T. de Haan et al.   POLYMER

Polymer foam-reinforced hydrogels inspired by plant body frameworks as high-performance soft matter

(2014) Naozumi Teramoto et al.   POLYMER JOURNAL

A method for building self-folding machines

(2014) S. Felton et al.   SCIENCE

An instant multi-responsive porous polymer actuator driven by solvent molecule sorption

(2014) Qiang Zhao et al.   Nature Communications

Biomimetic Hydrogel-Based Actuating Systems

(2013) Leonid Ionov   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

25th Anniversary Article: A Soft Future: From Robots and Sensor Skin to Energy Harvesters

(2013) Siegfried Bauer et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Polymer-Based Muscle Expansion and Contraction

(2013) Molla R. Islam et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Thermal responsive hydrogels based on semi interpenetrating network of poly(NIPAm) and cellulose nanowhiskers

(2013) A. Hebeish et al.   CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS

Cuttlefish skin papilla morphology suggests a muscular hydrostatic function for rapid changeability

(2013) Justine J. Allen et al.   JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY

A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities

(2013) Jaronie Mohd Jani et al.   MATERIALS & DESIGN

Actuators based on liquid crystalline elastomer materials

(2013) Hongrui Jiang et al.   Nanoscale

A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites

(2013) Harper Meng et al.   POLYMER

Bio-Inspired Polymer Composite Actuator and Generator Driven by Water Gradients

(2013) M. Ma et al.   SCIENCE

Self-folding with shape memory composites

(2013) Samuel M. Felton et al.   Soft Matter

Reconfigurable and actuating structures from soft materials

(2013) Ren Geryak et al.   Soft Matter

Bioinspired materials that self-shape through programmed microstructures

(2013) André R. Studart et al.   Soft Matter

Soft robotics: a bioinspired evolution in robotics

(2013) Sangbae Kim et al.   TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Dynamic self-stiffening in liquid crystal elastomers

(2013) Aditya Agrawal et al.   Nature Communications

Three-dimensional shape transformations of hydrogel sheets induced by small-scale modulation of internal stresses

(2013) Zi Liang Wu et al.   Nature Communications

Reversible patterning and actuation of hydrogels by electrically assisted ionoprinting

(2013) Etienne Palleau et al.   Nature Communications

Self-shaping composites with programmable bioinspired microstructures

(2013) Randall M. Erb et al.   Nature Communications

Nano-structured smart hydrogels with rapid response and high elasticity

(2013) Lie-Wen Xia et al.   Nature Communications

A Review of Ionic Polymeric Soft Actuators and Sensors

(2013) Yousef Bahramzadeh et al.   Soft Robotics

Shape-Programmed Folding of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Bilayers

(2012) Georgi Stoychev et al.   ACS Nano

Electromechanical Actuator with Controllable Motion, Fast Response Rate, and High-Frequency Resonance Based on Graphene and Polydiacetylene

(2012) Jiajie Liang et al.   ACS Nano

Strong fiber-reinforced hydrogel

(2012) Animesh Agrawal et al.   Acta Biomaterialia

Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels

(2012) W.E. Hennink et al.   ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS

Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric materials

(2012) Xuzhou Yan et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Cooling-/water-responsive shape memory hybrids

(2012) C.C. Wang et al.   COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Biomimetic electrochemistry from conducting polymers. A review

(2012) T.F. Otero et al.   ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA

The diversity of hydrostatic skeletons

(2012) W. M. Kier   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY

Chemical and thermomechanical tailoring of the shape memory effect in poly(ε-caprolactone)-based systems

(2012) Massimo Messori et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

Memory-effects of magnetic nanocomposites

(2012) Muhammad Yasar Razzaq et al.   Nanoscale

Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels

(2012) Jeong-Yun Sun et al.   NATURE

The renaissance of dye-sensitized solar cells

(2012) Brian E. Hardin et al.   Nature Photonics

Emergence of Spontaneous Twist and Curvature in Non-Euclidean Rods: Application toErodiumPlant Cells

(2012) Hillel Aharoni et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS

The Fern Sporangium: A Unique Catapult

(2012) X. Noblin et al.   SCIENCE

Rapidly switchable water-sensitive shape-memory cellulose/elastomer nano-composites

(2012) Yong Zhu et al.   Soft Matter

Bio-inspired Design of Submerged Hydrogel-Actuated Polymer Microstructures Operating in Response to pH

(2011) Lauren D. Zarzar et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Shape-Memory Nanocomposites with Magnetically Adjustable Apparent Switching Temperatures

(2011) Uttamchand Narendra Kumar et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Artificial Muscles Based on Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotube Laminates

(2011) Wen Zheng et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Flexible supercapacitor-like actuator with carbide-derived carbon electrodes

(2011) Janno Torop et al.   CARBON

The mechanics of explosive dispersal and self-burial in the seeds of the filaree, Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae)

(2011) D. Evangelista et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY

Optically triggered and spatially controllable shape-memory polymer–gold nanoparticle composite materials

(2011) Hongji Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY

Study on the moisture absorption of pyridine containing polyurethane for moisture-responsive shape memory effects

(2011) Shaojun Chen et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

Study of the thermal properties of shape memory polyurethane nanofibrous nonwoven

(2011) Haitao Zhuo et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

Tilted cellulose arrangement as a novel mechanism for hygroscopic coiling in the stork's bill awn

(2011) Y. Abraham et al.   Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Optically- and Thermally-Responsive Programmable Materials Based on Carbon Nanotube-Hydrogel Polymer Composites

(2011) Xiaobo Zhang et al.   NANO LETTERS

Shape selection of twist-nematic-elastomer ribbons

(2011) Y. Sawa et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Shape-memory polymers and their composites: Stimulus methods and applications

(2011) Jinsong Leng et al.   PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE

Development of a self-actuating fibre reinforced ionic epoxy gel polymer composite

(2011) J A Etches et al.   Smart Materials and Structures

Asymmetric microstructure of hydrogel: two-photon microfabrication and stimuli-responsive behavior

(2011) Zhong Xiong et al.   Soft Matter

PNIPAM microgels for biomedical applications: from dispersed particles to 3D assemblies

(2011) Ying Guan et al.   Soft Matter

Self-folding of polymer sheets using local light absorption

(2011) Ying Liu et al.   Soft Matter

Shear-thinning hydrogels for biomedical applications

(2011) Murat Guvendiren et al.   Soft Matter

Differentially photo-crosslinked polymers enable self-assembling microfluidics

(2011) Mustapha Jamal et al.   Nature Communications

Origami-like unfolding of hydro-actuated ice plant seed capsules

(2011) Matthew J. Harrington et al.   Nature Communications

Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors

(2010) Christian Ohm et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Cellulose-based hydrogels: Present status and application prospects

(2010) Chunyu Chang et al.   CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS

Active Polymer Gel Actuators

(2010) Shingo Maeda et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

Thermomechanical experiment and analysis on shape recovery properties of shape memory polymer influenced by fiber reinforcement

(2010) M. Nishikawa et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

Molecular and Nanostructural Mechanisms of Deformation, Strength and Toughness of Spider Silk Fibrils

(2010) Andrea Nova et al.   NANO LETTERS

A proximity-based programmable DNA nanoscale assembly line

(2010) Hongzhou Gu et al.   NATURE

Photolithographically patterned smart hydrogel based bilayer actuators

(2010) Noy Bassik et al.   POLYMER

Ionic polymer-metal composite mechanoelectrical transduction: review and perspectives

(2010) Deivid Pugal et al.   POLYMER INTERNATIONAL

Structure, function, and self-assembly of single network gyroid (I4132) photonic crystals in butterfly wing scales

(2010) V. Saranathan et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Hydrogel-based devices for biomedical applications

(2010) Kosmas Deligkaris et al.   SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL

First jump of microgel; actuation speed enhancement by elastic instability

(2010) Howon Lee et al.   Soft Matter

Hydrogel nanocomposites: a review of applications as remote controlled biomaterials

(2010) Nitin S. Satarkar et al.   Soft Matter

A functionally graded shape memory polymer

(2010) Andrew M. DiOrio et al.   Soft Matter

Swelling-Induced Surface Patterns in Hydrogels with Gradient Crosslinking Density

(2009) Murat Guvendiren et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

A pH-Triggered, Fast-Responding DNA Hydrogel

(2009) Enjun Cheng et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Effect of silver nanoparticles content on the various properties of nanocomposite hydrogels by in situ polymerization

(2009) Wen-Fu Lee et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

Hygromorphs: from pine cones to biomimetic bilayers

(2009) E. Reyssat et al.   Journal of the Royal Society Interface

Advances in Dielectric Elastomers for Actuators and Artificial Muscles

(2009) Paul Brochu et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

The phytomimetic potential of three types of hydration motors that drive nastic plant movements

(2009) Rainer Stahlberg   MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Dynamic display of biomolecular patterns through an elastic creasing instability of stimuli-responsive hydrogels

(2009) Jungwook Kim et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal network actuators modularly driven by light

(2009) Casper L. van Oosten et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Actuation systems in plants as prototypes for bioinspired devices

(2009) I. Burgert et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES

Biomimetic mechanically adaptive nanocomposites

(2009) Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Crosslinking Metal Nanoparticles into the Polymer Backbone of Hydrogels Enables Preparation of Soft, Magnetic Field-Driven Actuators with Muscle-Like Flexibility

(2009) Roland Fuhrer et al.   Small

Light-Induced Temperature Transitions in Biodegradable Polymer and Nanorod Composites

(2009) Kolin C. Hribar et al.   Small

Liquid crystalline polymer cantilever oscillators fueled by light

(2009) Svetlana Serak et al.   Soft Matter

Reversible Infrared Actuation of Carbon Nanotube-Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Nanocomposites

(2008) Liqiang Yang et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Hydrogels for Soft Machines

(2008) Paul Calvert   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Tunable liquid microlens actuated by infrared light-responsive hydrogel

(2008) Xuefeng Zeng et al.   APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS

Nanocomposite polymer hydrogels

(2008) Patrick Schexnailder et al.   COLLOID AND POLYMER SCIENCE

Review of electro-active shape-memory polymer composite

(2008) Yanju Liu et al.   COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Magnetoactive liquid crystal elastomer nanocomposites

(2008) Andreas Kaiser et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY

Liquid crystal elastomer–nanoparticle systems for actuation

(2008) Martin Chambers et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY

Photogenerating work from polymers

(2008) Hilmar Koerner et al.   Materials Today

Challenges of shape memory polymers: A review of the progress toward overcoming SMP's limitations

(2008) Ingrid A. Rousseau   POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

Multiphoton fabrication of chemically responsive protein hydrogels for microactuation

(2008) Bryan Kaehr et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Inspired by the Sea Cucumber Dermis

(2008) J. R. Capadona et al.   SCIENCE

Embedded SMA wire actuated biomimetic fin: a module for biomimetic underwater propulsion

(2008) Zhenlong Wang et al.   Smart Materials and Structures

Stimuli-responsive polymer gels

(2008) Suk-kyun Ahn et al.   Soft Matter

Characterization of nanocellulose- reinforced shape memory polyurethanes

(2007) María L Auad et al.   POLYMER INTERNATIONAL

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

(2007) Marc André Meyers et al.   PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE