Article
Business
B. C. Stahl, A. Andreou, P. Brey, T. Hatzakis, A. Kirichenko, K. Macnish, S. Laulhe Shaelou, A. Patel, M. Ryan, D. Wright
Summary: The technical and economic benefits of artificial intelligence are counterbalanced by legal, social, and ethical issues. Human rights principles and legislation play a key role in addressing the ethics of AI and steering it to contribute to human flourishing.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Pat Pataranutaporn, Ruby Liu, Ed Finn, Pattie Maes
Summary: This study explores how changes in a person's mental model of an AI system affect their interaction with the system. It shows that perceiving a caring motive for the AI leads to a perception of greater trustworthiness, empathy, and performance. Initial mental models and priming have a stronger effect on more sophisticated AI models. The research also suggests a feedback loop between users and AI that reinforces the user's mental model over time. Further investigation is needed to understand the long-term effects.
NATURE MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
(2023)
Article
Communication
Hyunjin Kang, Chen Lou
Summary: This study explores how TikTok users collaborate with AI and how these collaborations shape user engagement. The findings indicate that users are receptive to personalized experiences enabled by machine agency and that user-AI synergy is achieved through mutual influence. AI facilitates content creation and networking for users by reducing the efforts required for user agency. The collaboration between AI and users significantly influences platform engagement and social-interactive engagement on TikTok.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
(2022)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Emma Dahlin
Summary: This article explores the relationship between technology and humans in the era of artificial intelligence. It challenges traditional theories that oversimplify real-world settings and highlights the significance of autonomy in AI/human relations. The author argues that the concept of autonomy is complex, with individuals sometimes attributing autonomous features to AI systems while denying them in other situations. The article proposes a theory of relationality that shifts the focus from agency to the nature of relationships.
SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Cybernetics
Arif Ali Khan, Muhammad Azeem Akbar, Mahdi Fahmideh, Peng Liang, Muhammad Waseem, Aakash Ahmad, Mahmood Niazi, Pekka Abrahamsson
Summary: Artificial intelligence (AI) solutions and technologies are being increasingly adopted in smart systems contexts; however, ethical uncertainties remain. Guidelines and frameworks are designed to ensure ethical well-being, but their implications are still debated. We conducted a survey of 99 representative AI practitioners and lawmakers from 20 countries to explore the significance of AI ethics principles. The findings show that transparency, accountability, and privacy are critical principles, and lack of ethical knowledge, legal frameworks, and monitoring bodies are common challenges.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Laura Weidinger, Richard Everett, Saffron Huang, Tina O. Zhu, Martin J. Chadwick, Christopher Summerfield, Susan Fiske, Iason Gabriel
Summary: The Veil of Ignorance (VoI), proposed by philosopher John Rawls, is applied to the governance of artificial intelligence (AI) in this research. Through five incentive compatible studies, participants choose principles to govern an AI assistant without knowledge of their own relative position in the group. The results show a consistent preference for prioritizing the worst-off, driven by concerns about fairness rather than risk attitudes or political preferences.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Business
Jean-Marie John-Mathews
Summary: The lack of ethics and the interpretability of AI decisions are two fundamental issues facing the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Research shows that interpretable AI explanations may lack denunciatory power and this power is highly dependent on the context in which the explanation takes place, such as the gender or education of the recipient. AI ethics tools are sometimes too flexible and self-regulation is not enough to address ethical issues.
TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Ashwin Kumar Raja, Jianlong Zhou
Summary: Accountability is considered as a crucial ethical principle for artificial intelligence (AI) systems, especially in high-stake applications. This survey article examines AI accountability from various key perspectives to ensure its effective implementation. The article reviews major approaches to achieve accountability and identifies typical factors that influence it.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Joachim Roski, Ezekiel J. Maier, Kevin Vigilante, Elizabeth A. Kane, Michael E. Matheny
Summary: Artificial intelligence plays a critical role in deriving value from health and healthcare data, but there is a risk of another AI Winter due to decreased trust in AI solutions. By promoting self-governance and defining standards to mitigate risks, a more comprehensive approach to governing AI solutions can be achieved, filling gaps in existing legislation and regulations. Adherence to these standards, verified through certification/accreditation, could help prevent another AI Winter by maintaining trust in AI practices.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Article
Development Studies
Leonie N. Bossert, Thilo Hagendorff
Summary: Technologies equipped with AI have a significant impact on various aspects of our everyday lives. These technologies are increasingly being discussed in the context of sustainable AI due to their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, high energy consumption, and fairness issues. However, current sustainable AI approaches are anthropocentric, and this article argues for a non-anthropocentric sentientist approach. It suggests that theories of sustainability and sustainable development should include sentient animals and explores the consequences of this approach for applying AI technologies in a sustainable manner.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(2023)
Review
Computer Science, Information Systems
Teresa Heyder, Nina Passlack, Oliver Posegga
Summary: AI-based technologies have had a significant impact on the relationship between humans and AI, leading to the need for organizations to ethically manage human-AI interaction. This study offers a sociotechnical perspective and employs the concept of sociomateriality to analyze the ethical management of human-AI interaction. The findings highlight the interplay between duty and virtue ethics in sociotechnical systems and provide a theoretical framework for future research.
JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maria Christoforaki, Oya Beyan
Summary: The explosion of data-driven AI applications has raised ethical issues regarding data collection and interpretation. AI ethics is a multidisciplinary field that emphasizes responsibility and sustainability.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Law
Alessandro Mantelero, Maria Samantha Esposito
Summary: This article explores the potential impact of human rights on data-intensive systems and presents a methodology and model based on Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA). The method is focused on AI applications, aiming to provide a more measurable approach to risk assessment in line with regulatory proposals centered on risk thresholds.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Software Engineering
Ville Vakkuri, Kai-Kristian Kemell, Marianna Jantunen, Erika Halme, Pekka Abrahamsson
Summary: Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly widespread and impactful on society, leading to calls for ethical AI systems. However, the development of ethical AI systems remains a significant challenge that requires further exploration and solutions.
JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE
(2021)
Article
Business
Stephanie Kelley
Summary: This study examines employee perceptions on the effective adoption of AI principles in organizations. The study identifies eleven components that can impact the effective adoption of AI principles, such as communication, management support, and training. The findings provide a first step in understanding potential methods for the effective adoption of AI principles in organizations.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Inga Ulnicane, Damian Okaibedi Eke, William Knight, George Ogoh, Bernd Carsten Stahl
Summary: This paper examines how AI governance, policy, and ethics can draw lessons from other emerging technologies to address concerns and ensure socially beneficial development. Six key points include inclusive governance involving government, civil society, and private sector; diverse roles of the state in mitigating risks and mediating interests; prioritizing societal benefits in technology development; international collaboration through science diplomacy; and learning from computing ethics and Responsible Innovation.
INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Ethics
Mark Ryan, Josephina Antoniou, Laurence Brooks, Tilimbe Jiya, Kevin Macnish, Bernd Stahl
Summary: This study explores the ethical use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence technologies through empirical research, including a multi-case study. The results reveal overlap and correlation in ethical concerns across various social domains and applications of AI. A more detailed understanding of ethical issues in AI and Big Data is necessary to address them effectively.
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS
(2021)
Article
Information Science & Library Science
Bernd Carsten Stahl
Summary: The concept of innovation ecosystems offers a convincing account of how and why innovation pathways change and evolve, and has been adopted to explain, predict, and steer innovation. However, current literature does not provide guidance on integrating ethical and social concerns into innovation ecosystems. This paper proposes applying "responsible research and innovation" (RRI) to shape responsible innovation systems, drawing on discussions of the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Management
Carolyn Ten Holter, Bernd Stahl, Marina Jirotka
Summary: The purpose of this study was to understand the nature and impact of training in newly established Doctoral Training Centers. The findings suggest that there is significant variation in the institutionalization of responsible innovation training, and more organizational change is needed to fully incorporate it into the training program.
LEARNING ORGANIZATION
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Paschal Ochang, Bernd Carsten Stahl, Damian Eke
Summary: This study aims to explore the ethical and legal principles that shape the current brain data governance landscape. A systematic review and thematic analysis of relevant articles revealed variations in the presentation and discussions of these principles, with some still in their infancy. The findings provide a potential list of principles for brain data governance and expand the concept of neuroethics.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Bernd Carsten Stahl, Josephina Antoniou, Nitika Bhalla, Laurence Brooks, Philip Jansen, Blerta Lindqvist, Alexey Kirichenko, Samuel Marchal, Rowena Rodrigues, Nicole Santiago, Zuzanna Warso, David Wright
Summary: Artificial intelligence (AI) has greatly benefited various domains, but it also brings about concerns regarding ethical and social consequences. AI impact assessments (AI-IAs) serve as a way to identify and address both positive and negative impacts. This article presents the first systematic review of AI-IAs, revealing some convergence and ongoing debates in the field.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bernd Carsten Stahl
Summary: This article highlights the need to consider the nature of intelligent systems as socio-technical systems and proposes the concept of responsible AI ecosystems. It suggests that a higher-level responsibility framework is needed in order to address ethical concerns in AI.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Business
Bernd Carsten Stahl, Laurence Brooks, Tally Hatzakis, Nicole Santiago, David Wright
Summary: Ethical and human rights issues related to AI technologies, such as privacy, bias, and safety, have been widely recognized. Various approaches have been proposed to address these concerns. A Delphi study was conducted to determine the most urgent issues and prioritize mitigation strategies. The findings highlight the challenge of defining clear priorities and suggest a need to reframe the debate emphasizing the systemic nature of AI ecosystems.
TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
(2023)
Article
Information Science & Library Science
Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Nir Kshetri, Laurie Hughes, Emma Louise Slade, Anand Jeyaraj, Arpan Kumar Kar, Abdullah M. Baabdullah, Alex Koohang, Vishnupriya Raghavan, Manju Ahuja, Hanaa Albanna, Mousa Ahmad Albashrawi, Adil S. Al-Busaidi, Janarthanan Balakrishnan, Yves Barlette, Sriparna Basu, Indranil Bose, Laurence Brooks, Dimitrios Buhalis, Lemuria Carter, Soumyadeb Chowdhury, Tom Crick, Scott W. Cunningham, Gareth H. Davies, Robert M. Davison, Rahul De, Denis Dennehy, Yanqing Duan, Rameshwar Dubey, Rohita Dwivedi, John S. Edwards, Carlos Flavian, Robin Gauld, Varun Grover, Mei-Chih Hu, Marijn Janssen, Paul Jones, Iris Junglas, Sangeeta Khorana, Sascha Kraus, Kai R. Larsen, Paul Latreille, Sven Laumer, F. Tegwen Malik, Abbas Mardani, Marcello Mariani, Sunil Mithas, Emmanuel Mogaji, Jeretta Horn Nord, Siobhan O'Connor, Fevzi Okumus, Margherita Pagani, Neeraj Pandey, Savvas Papagiannidis, Ilias O. Pappas, Nishith Pathak, Jan Pries-Heje, Ramakrishnan Raman, Nripendra P. Rana, Sven-Volker Rehm, Samuel Ribeiro-Navarrete, Alexander Richter, Frantz Rowe, Suprateek Sarker, Bernd Carsten Stahl, Manoj Kumar Tiwari, Wil van der Aalst, Viswanath Venkatesh, Giampaolo Viglia, Michael Wade, Paul Walton, Jochen Wirtz, Ryan Wright
Summary: This article brings together contributions from 43 experts to discuss the advantages and limitations of ChatGPT, as well as its potential impacts in various industries. The article identifies areas for further research, including knowledge, transparency, and ethics; digital transformation of organizations and societies; and teaching, learning, and scholarly research.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Bernd Carsten Stahl, Josephina Antoniou, Mark Ryan, Kevin Macnish, Tilimbe Jiya
Summary: This paper discusses the ethics of AI, highlighting that organizations are highly aware of the AI ethics debate but only utilize a small portion of mitigation strategies proposed in the literature. The empirical findings bridge the gap between theory and practice, offering valuable insights for organizations, academia, and policymakers.
Article
Ethics
Mark Ryan, Bernd Carsten Stahl
Summary: The paper aims to illustrate the convergence in AI ethics guidance documents and provide a comprehensive compilation of normative requirements. It emphasizes the importance of translating ethical principles into practical guidance for developers and users of AI systems. The authors believe their findings can guide practical action and inspire further academic research into the consistency and justification of normative statements in the literature.
JOURNAL OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION & ETHICS IN SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Law
Jasmijn Boeken
Summary: This opinion piece advocates for a care-based stakeholder approach in cybersecurity, emphasizing the shared responsibility and providing tools for companies to transition from compliance to genuine security.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Dariusz Kloza
Summary: As the use of the internet becomes more prevalent, it is no longer just an option but a practical obligation for exercising rights and fulfilling duties. This paper discusses the reasons against non-use of the internet and explores the potential of human rights law to protect individuals from the obligation to use the internet. The aim is to spark a debate and potentially lead to changes in policy and practice.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Christof Koolen, Kim Wuyts, Wouter Joosen, Peggy Valcke
Summary: Cybersecurity is a debated topic in both technical and legal scholarship, with entrepreneurs increasingly aware of the impact of security incidents on their businesses. This article provides guidance on assessing the concept of 'appropriate technical and organizational measures' through cybersecurity maturity models, offering an opportunity to bridge the gap between technical insight and legal compliance.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Kai von Lewinski, Michael Beurskens, Stefanie Scherzinger
Summary: The process of data modelling can empower information systems to reshape the real world, but both legal and computer science fields have insufficient awareness of the risks and opportunities involved. The inherent power in data modelling is often overlooked. Therefore, an outlook is provided on the future development of de novo designed registers such as Transparenz- and Gesellschaftsregister.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Gianclaudio Malgieri, Frank Pasquale
Summary: The regulation of AI has relied on reactive tools and should shift towards a proactive approach with quality control measures and licensing requirements. AI developers need to demonstrate that their technology meets clear requirements for security, non-discrimination, accuracy, appropriateness, and correctability before deployment. The proposed AI Act is a first step towards an ex ante licensure regime but needs to be strengthened in scope and transparency.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Valerio Bellandi, Christian Bernasconi, Fausto Lodi, Matteo Palmonari, Riccardo Pozzi, Marco Ripamonti, Stefano Siccardi
Summary: This paper presents an entity-centric infrastructure for managing legal documents, especially court judgments, based on the organization of a textual document repository and annotation. It discusses the framework's feasibility and the challenges of scaling the system nationally, as well as the importance of a human-in-the-loop approach for controlling the output of annotation algorithms.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Kuo-Chun Chien, Chia-Hui Chang, Ren -Der Sun
Summary: This study aims to provide improved knowledge management services based on legal documents. By using indictments for judgment predictions, inconsistencies between predictions and prosecution can be detected, providing prosecutors with more accurate references to laws and charges. The study compared different messaging passing architectures and achieved the best performance with interactive message passing. The prediction accuracy of accusation causes was further improved through Prompt-Based Learning.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Daniele Licari, Giovanni Comande
Summary: Legal-BERT models, based on the BERT architecture, have been developed specifically for the legal domain and achieved state-of-the-art performance in complex legal tasks. This paper proposes four versions of Legal-BERT models pre-trained on the Italian legal domain, showing their superiority in several domain-specific tasks.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Hilary J. Allen
Summary: Much of the discourse around fintech regulation centers on promoting private-sector innovation, but financial regulators in the US lack a statutory mandate for this. This article argues that regulators should be guided by their mandates, which should focus on preventing public harm. Using the framework of accommodating, taming, or coping, the article evaluates existing fintech regulatory strategies in relation to public harm caused by certain business models. It criticizes strategies rolling back protective regulation for private sector fintech innovation and advocates for precautionary taming regulation.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Edoardo D. Martino
Summary: This article proposes a framework to analyze the role of the law in the relationship between private and public money, and to evaluate the risks and benefits of private money. The article emphasizes the unprecedented threat to monetary sovereignty, systemic stability, and democratic decision-making posed by digital private money, and suggests regulations to address these risks while harnessing the potential efficiency gains.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Huaiyin Zhang, Rongrong Wang, Kui Cai
Summary: In the era of smart justice, blockchain technology has revolutionized the preservation and examination of electronic evidence, offering stability, integrity, and immutability. However, in Chinese copyright judicial practice, the ambiguity of blockchain evidence rules, inconsistency among different courts, and disarray in evidence preservation platforms have affected judicial discretion.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
Article
Law
Nadezhda Purtova, Robin L. Pierce
Summary: This paper explores the implications of citizen scientists' dual role as both participants and researchers in terms of data protection law and research ethics. It argues that citizen scientists can be both data subjects entitled to protection and data controllers, and analyzes how this can affect the quality of protection for participants and the practice of citizen science itself.
COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW
(2024)
