Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jie Gao, Mohamed Jebrane, Nasko Terziev, Geoffrey Daniel
Summary: Willow species, like many hardwoods, produce tension wood with special fibres that can enhance the release of cellulose and d-glucose for biofuel production. A method utilizing stem sections and enzymes was developed to compare different varieties' ability to produce tension wood and release d-glucose, highlighting the importance of tension wood cellulose as a marker for enhanced d-glucose production in Salix varieties.
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jinyu Tan, Yan Li, Xiang Tan, Hongguo Wu, Hu Li, Song Yang
Summary: Straw biomass is a cost-effective and renewable feedstock for producing valuable chemicals and biofuels. Suitable pretreatment is essential for efficient production of fermentable sugars. Various pretreatment methods can effectively separate components and improve accessibility and susceptibility.
FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Forough Momayez, Mattias Hedenstrom, Stefan Stagge, Leif J. Jonsson, Carlos Martin
Summary: In this study, hydrolysis lignin was extracted using the green solvent gamma-valerolactone (GVL), and it was found that mixtures containing sulfuric acid resulted in higher solubilization and regeneration rates. Characterization of the regenerated lignins revealed that treatment temperature had a significant impact on molecular weight, with SA-GVL lignins exhibiting higher and broader distribution of molecular weight.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Elizabeth Jayex Panakkal, Kraipat Cheenkachorn, Santi Chuetor, Prapakorn Tantayotai, Neelu Raina, Yu-Shen Cheng, Malinee Sriariyanun
Summary: This study focused on the improvement of ethanol production from Napier grass by pretreatment with acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES), choline chloride: lactic acid (ChCl/LA) at a mole ratio of 1:4. Under optimized pretreatment conditions, high cellulose recovery and lignin removal were achieved, leading to high glucose and ethanol yields. The results demonstrated the significance of ChCl/LA pretreatment for ethanol production from Napier grass.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Yu Zhang, Jianping Lu, Yinghui Guo, Qian Zhang, Xiaoyan Chen, Qiang Yu
Summary: This study investigates alkali and acidic pretreatments of corn stalk material for efficient enzymatic saccharification. Fractal dimension analysis shows that alkali pretreated corn stalk is more easily hydrolyzed compared to acid pretreated corn stalk. The developed fractal-like model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting sugar yield at high enzyme loadings.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eva Balaguer Moya, Berta Syhler, Julen Ordenana Manso, Giuliano Dragone, Solange I. Mussatto
Summary: This study evaluated the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis cocktail to maximize sugar extraction from pretreated sugarcane bagasse. It was found that adding hydrogen peroxide at the beginning of hydrolysis increased glucose and xylose concentrations, while the addition of hemicellulase increased glucose and xylose production. These findings suggest that using an appropriate enzymatic cocktail supplemented with additives can enhance sugar extraction from lignocellulosic biomass and contribute to the development of a more sustainable and competitive process.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Jitendra Kumar, Himanshu, Hemansi, Amanjot Kaur, Aayush Mathur
Summary: Global interest in lignocellulosic biorefineries has increased due to sustainable technological advancements. However, enzymatic hydrolysis in biorefinery operations faces challenges that limit cost-effectiveness.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Sune Tjalfe Thomsen, Noah D. Weiss, Heng Zhang, Claus Felby
Summary: Predicting enzymatic saccharification yield based on biomass-water interaction measurements offers advantages for process optimization and control, but the predictive powers are low when comparing different types of biomasses. The correlation between water retention value (WRV) and enzymatic saccharification yield (ESY) is highly dependent on pretreatment chemistry, indicating a complex interplay between recalcitrance and biomass-water interactions.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Malinee Sriariyanun, Nichaphat Kitiborwornkul, Prapakorn Tantayotai, Kittipong Rattanaporn, Pau-Loke Show
Summary: This study developed a one-pot process combining IL pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification using low-toxic choline acetate ([Ch][OAc]) and IL-tolerant bacterial cellulases. The results showed that this method has the potential for high sugar production and further application in biorefining processes.
BIOENGINEERING-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Thalita J. J. Bondancia, Camila Florencio, Graziela S. S. Baccarin, Cristiane S. S. Farinas
Summary: Cellulose nanostructures obtained from lignocellulosic biomass by the enzymatic route can offer advantages in terms of material properties and processing sustainability. The presence of auxiliary enzymes can promote the production of nanocellulose with improved properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Gustavo Amaro Bittencourt, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Kim Kley Valladares-Diestra, Carlos Ricardo Soccol
Summary: This study successfully converted soybean hull into fermentable sugars through citric acid pretreatment, providing a potential pathway for the production of biomolecules in biorefinery processes.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Qizhen Yang, Wei Tang, Lei Li, Menghan Huang, Cuiluan Ma, Yu-Cai He
Summary: Hydrothermal pretreatment is an effective method to improve the saccharification of lignocellulose. In this study, an efficient hydrothermal pretreatment of sunflower straw was conducted, resulting in the removal of 58.8% xylan and 33.5% lignin at a treatment temperature of 180 degrees C for 120 min and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:15. Various characterizations confirmed that hydrothermal pretreatment altered the surface structure and increased the accessibility to cellulase. The enzymatic saccharification of the treated sunflower straw achieved a high yield of reducing sugar and glucose and also produced xylo-oligosaccharide in the filtrate.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Jie Zhao, Xuxiong Tao, Junfeng Li, Yushan Jia, Tao Shao
Summary: Silencing rice straw with dilute formic acid can reduce the cost of lignocellulosic pretreatment and improve fermentation dynamics and enzymatic hydrolysis. The use of 0.6% formic acid showed the best results in promoting hemicellulose removal and xylose production, leading to increased cellulose convertibility and glucose yield.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
YuJie Wang, Jing-yong Liu, Jian Sun, Sumarlin Shangdiar, Kassian T. T. Amesho, Yung-Chang Lin, Yen-Ping Peng, Ken-Lin Chang
Summary: The acid-catalyzed ionic liquid pretreatment of rice husks significantly improves cellulose conversion, removes most hemicellulose, breaks down the crystalline structure and outer silica layer of the husks, making it favorable for industrial applications.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Michelle Garcia Gomes, Aline Gomes de Oliveira Paranhos, Adonai Bruneli Camargos, Bruno Eduardo Lobo Baeta, Milla Alves Baffi, Leandro Vinicius Alves Gurgel, Daniel Pasquini
Summary: This study evaluated the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with dilute citric acid solution for biogas production. The pretreated black liquor and residual solid fraction were used as substrates for biogas production. The highest concentration of total reducing sugars obtained after saccharifications was in the range of 10.7-184.8 g L-1, with sugar yields ranging from 3.5-88.8%. Biogas production from the black liquor and residual solid fraction showed promising results, indicating the feasibility of using dilute citric acid pretreatment in biorefineries.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Meijun Zeng, Xuejun Pan
Summary: This review discusses the challenges and solutions for solid acids as catalysts for cellulose hydrolysis, focusing on the structural features of solid acids and their interactions with cellulose and cellulose hydrolysis.
CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Qinqin Xia, Chaoji Chen, Yonggang Yao, Jianguo Li, Shuaiming He, Yubing Zhou, Teng Li, Xuejun Pan, Yuan Yao, Liangbing Hu
Summary: The study reports on a process using green chemicals to deconstruct natural wood, producing lignocellulosic bioplastics that are mechanically strong, stable against water, and sustainable.
NATURE SUSTAINABILITY
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zhihan Li, Chaoji Chen, Hua Xie, Yuan Yao, Xin Zhang, Alexandra Brozena, Jianguo Li, Yu Ding, Xinpeng Zhao, Min Hong, Haiyu Qiao, Lee M. Smith, Xuejun Pan, Robert Briber, Sheldon Q. Shi, Liangbing Hu
Summary: The study presents a top-down approach for producing high-performance natural macrofibres from bamboo stems that outperform wood-derived fibres and are comparable to synthetic carbon fibres. The use of these natural fibres could lead to substantial reduction in carbon emissions, offering a pathway towards sustainability in various industries such as automotive, aeronautics, and construction.
NATURE SUSTAINABILITY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xuliang Lin, Ping Wang, Ruitong Hong, Xi Zhu, Yingchun Liu, Xuejun Pan, Xueqing Qiu, Yanlin Qin
Summary: The study presents a fully lignocellulosic biomass-based hydrogel evaporator, which shows high evaporation rate and photothermal conversion efficiency, being able to produce freshwater from seawater. It also exhibits excellent salt resistance, durability, and long-term stability.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yu Ding, Zhenqian Pang, Kai Lan, Yuan Yao, Guido Panzarasa, Lin Xu, Marco Lo Ricco, Douglas R. Rammer, J. Y. Zhu, Ming Hu, Xuejun Pan, Teng Li, Ingo Burgert, Liangbing Hu
Summary: The building sector is responsible for a significant amount of global energy-related CO2 emissions. Developing carbon-storage materials and novel designs using wood has the potential to address sustainability challenges and mitigate climate change.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Lihe Zhu, Xueting Shao, Xuejun Pan, Zhong Sun, Xiangyu Li, Xixin Duan, Junyou Shi
Summary: Catalytic conversion of waste biomass to furfural using hetero-polyacid catalysts supported on H-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated. The PW12/ZSM-5 catalyst with low PW12 loading showed high efficiency in converting biomass (xylose, xylan, and corn stover) to furfural at moderate temperature (130°C), with yields of 73.3% (xylose) and 75.1% (xylan). The PW12 loading and acid sites distribution were found to be crucial for the catalytic performance. Additionally, the presence of LiBr enhanced the furfural yield due to its Lewis acidity. The PW12/ZSM-5 based solid polyacid catalyst showed promise for efficient furfural production from biomass with high yield and easy separation.
BIOMASS & BIOENERGY
(2023)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Meijun Zeng, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, Xuejun Pan
Summary: Prebiotics are used to modulate gut microbiota and improve host health. Gluco-oligosaccharides (GlcOS) have been found to exert prebiotic potentials due to their selective fermentation by beneficial gut bacteria. However, the prebiotic effects of GlcOS vary due to their complex structure. This review provides an overview of GlcOS as potential prebiotics, covering their synthesis, purification, structural characterization, and prebiotic effect evaluation.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Meijun Zeng, Ning Li, Theresa Astmann, Jee-Hwan Oh, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, Xuejun Pan
Summary: A facile chemical process was developed to synthesize glucose-based short-chain oligosaccharides (GlcOS) as potential prebiotics. The GlcOS were successfully synthesized with a high yield of 83% using concentrated sulfuric acid (60-92%) as the reaction medium. In vitro fermentation experiments showed that the synthesized GlcOS could serve as a carbon source for bacterial growth, and their promotion effect was comparable to three commercial prebiotic IMOs.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qi Dong, Aditya Dilip Lele, Xinpeng Zhao, Shuke Li, Sichao Cheng, Yueqing Wang, Mingjin Cui, Miao Guo, Alexandra H. Brozena, Ying Lin, Tangyuan Li, Lin Xu, Aileen Qi, Ioannis G. Kevrekidis, Jianguo Mei, Xuejun Pan, Dongxia Liu, Yiguang Ju, Liangbing Hu
Summary: This study presents a catalyst-free thermochemical depolymerization method that uses a spatial temperature gradient and a temporal heating profile to efficiently convert waste plastic into monomers. By applying this approach, polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were successfully depolymerized with high yields.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Guodong Wu, Haishun Du, Kiandokht Pakravan, Wonhyeong Kim, Yoo Lim Cha, Shang-Tung Chiang, Majid Beidaghi, Xinyu Zhang, Sun Hee Kim, Xuejun Pan, Dong-Joo Kim
Summary: Flexible gas sensors were fabricated using disposable masks as substrates, exhibiting wide detection range, reliable reproducibility, long-term stability, and excellent response towards CO2 gas. The enhanced sensing performance of the composite sensor can be attributed to the heterojunctions between Ti3C2Tx and PANI, improved conductivity, and enlarged specific surface area. A wearable device was also developed for respiratory disease diagnosis.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Meijun Zeng, Sonali Mohapatra, Jee-Hwan Oh, Theresa Astmann, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, Xuejun Pan
Summary: This study demonstrates a facile and high-yield chemical process to synthesize GOS from lactose as potential prebiotics. The synthesized GOS were found to have diverse glycosidic linkages and showed comparable ability to promote the growth of lactobacillus strains in vitro compared to a commercial prebiotic.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yueqing Wang, Mingjie Chen, Yang Yang, John Ralph, Xuejun Pan
Summary: This study presents an efficient method for demethylation of lignin-derived aromatics using acidic concentrated lithium bromide (ACLB) under moderate conditions. It was found that aromatics with one or two methoxy groups (G-type and S-type) could be demethylated using this method, while alkyl hydroxyl and carbonyl groups underwent unwanted bromination and condensation reactions, respectively. The presence of electron-donating substituents promoted demethylation, while electron-withdrawing substituents retarded the reaction. The presence of an ortho-carboxylic group enhanced demethylation.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Meijun Zeng, Jee-Hwan Oh, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, Xuejun Pan
Summary: This study investigated the utilization of Gluco-oligosaccharides (GlcOS) by different lactobacilli, providing insights for the rational design of prebiotics.
JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ziwei Guo, Huan He, Kunqian Liu, Shicheng Yang, Zihui Li, Chaochao Lai, Zhicheng Liao, Xiaomin Ren, Bin Huang, Xuejun Pan
Summary: Insights into the photochemical transformation of the antiviral drug arbidol reveal that it undergoes rapid photolysis, resulting in increased toxicity and potential long-term impact on aquatic environments. The presence of dissolved organic matter and NO3- affects the photolysis process, and the photolytic products show high ecotoxicity.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
M. Genovese, F. Piraino, P. Fragiacomo
Summary: This research proposes the concept of a hydrogen valley in southern Italy, where hydrogen is produced centrally and delivered via fuel cell hybrid trains to refueling stations, providing transportation services. The analysis from both technical and economic perspectives shows that the cost of hydrogen and energy efficiency reached competitive levels, and hydrogen rail transport offers significant benefits in terms of emissions reduction and economic gains compared to conventional diesel trains and fully electric trains.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Miaomiao Liu, Payam Nejat, Pinlu Cao, Carlos Jimenez-Bescos, John Kaiser Calautit
Summary: This article provides a critical review of the performance of windcatchers, pointing out the current research gaps and issues, and proposing directions for further investigation and market prospects.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Solomon Boadu, Ebenezer Otoo
Summary: Despite Africa's vast energy resources, including wind energy, the continent faces challenges in developing its wind energy industry. Northern African countries and South Africa currently dominate the wind energy sector in Africa. To uplift Africa's socio-economic status, strong political will, supportive policies, and institutional frameworks are needed to drive the development of wind energy and overcome existing challenges.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
E. K. Grubbs, S. M. Gruss, V. Z. Schull, M. J. Gosney, M. V. Mickelbart, S. Brouder, M. W. Gitau, P. Bermel, M. R. Tuinstra, R. Agrawal
Summary: As the global population grows, the demand for food, energy, and water will increase significantly. However, limited land availability and competition for solar resources pose challenges to resource generation technologies. In the United States, both agriculture and solar energy production have adopted densification schemes to improve yields and energy output per unit of land. This research proposes an Agrivoltaic food and energy coproduction architecture that optimizes power generation while maintaining crop productivity by implementing ideal anti-tracking during critical growth periods. This technology offers a viable pathway for widespread solar implementation throughout the contiguous United States.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Han Shao, Rui Henriques, Hugo Morais, Elisabetta Tedeschi
Summary: The integration of offshore wind energy into the electric grid provides opportunities in terms of environmental sustainability and cost efficiency, but poses challenges to power quality. This survey offers a deeper understanding of disturbance detection and classification tools, exploring root causes, disturbance locations, and algorithmic solutions. It highlights synchronized waveform measurement and discusses evaluation metrics for detection and classification algorithms. Additionally, a novel system-wide monitoring framework is proposed.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Eleni Davidson, Yair Schwartz, Joe Williams, Dejan Mumovic
Summary: A continued upward trend in global greenhouse gas emissions poses risks to global infrastructure and built assets. Maintaining high indoor environmental quality standards is a challenge for higher education institutions under future climates. Passive cooling mechanisms may be insufficient to tolerate predicted temperature increases. Different building typologies have varying energy demand projections.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Kexin Pang, Jian Zhou, Stamatis Tsianikas, David W. Coit, Yizhong Ma
Summary: This study proposes a new framework for long-term microgrid expansion planning, using deep reinforcement learning method to consider various uncertainties and constraints. The framework aims to enhance the effectiveness of microgrid expansion planning from the perspectives of economy, resilience, and greenhouse gas emission reduction.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jun Zhao, Kangyin Dong, Xiucheng Dong
Summary: The continuous growth of global electricity penetration has provided modern energy for alleviating energy poverty, but its impact on carbon neutrality has been overlooked. The research reveals that clean electricity from traditional fossil energy and renewable energy has a positive influence on the greenhouse effect. Eradicating energy poverty can effectively alleviate the greenhouse effect, especially in non-Belt and Road Initiative (B&RI) nations.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hossein Shahbeik, Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Mona Dehhaghi, Gilles J. Guillemin, Alireza Fallahi, Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Hamid Amiri, Mohammad Rehan, Deepak Raikwar, Hannes Latine, Bruno Pandalone, Benyamin Khoshnevisan, Christian Sonne, Luigi Vaccaro, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Su Shiung Lam, Junting Pan, Rafael Luque, Bert Sels, Wanxi Peng, Meisam Tabatabaei, Mortaza Aghbashlo
Summary: This review explores the production of biocrude oil from biomass feedstocks through the process of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). It discusses the impact of process parameters on the quality, quantity, cost, and environmental impacts of biofuels. The review also highlights the challenges and prospects for the future development of biocrude oil.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Mehdi Neshat, Georgios Sylaios, Davide Astiaso Garcia
Summary: Digital twins promise innovation for the marine renewable energy sector by using modern technological advances and the existing maritime knowledge frameworks. This research presents critical aspects of digital twin implementation challenges in marine energy digitalization approaches that use and combine data systems.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yeganeh Sharifian, Hamdi Abdi
Summary: This paper discusses the background and objectives of the multi-area economic dispatch problem, as well as various techniques and methods applied in this field. It also covers comprehensive formulations of the problem and important issues in the field of probabilistic MAED, along with some related concepts and suggestions.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
J. G. B. Churchill, V. B. Borugadda, A. K. Dalai
Summary: The increasing global energy demand and the need to reduce fossil fuel reliance have created a demand for renewable and sustainable fuel sources. This review explores the potential of tall oil, a by-product of the pulping industry, as a feedstock for biofuels. The review provides an overview of tall oil production, purification, and treatment, and investigates recent trends and barriers towards tall oil-derived biofuels.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
David C. Broadstock, Xiangnan Wang
Summary: This study provides a general review of research on district cooling, identifying key topics and themes and highlighting potential research priorities for future studies.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
L. Scharnhorst, D. Sloot, N. Lehmann, A. Ardone, W. Fichtner
Summary: This study investigates and analyzes the barriers to demand response in industrial and commercial sectors, highlighting their significance. Concerns about diminished product quality, disruptions to production processes, human resource management, and revenue uncertainty are identified as the most frequently cited barriers. Overcoming these barriers requires bridging knowledge gaps, allocating sufficient resources, and adapting external incentives and policies.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Tong Feng, Yuechi Sun, Yating Shi, Jie Ma, Chunmei Feng, Zhenni Chen
Summary: Air pollution is a significant global challenge, and policymakers have implemented policies to reduce it. Evaluating the effectiveness of these policies is critical, and our study reveals trends and gaps in air pollution policy research. We found that research has shifted from focusing solely on air pollutants to including methodologies, policies, and health implications. China has emerged as a major contributor in this field of research.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
