Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
L. A. Rieger, W. J. Randel, A. E. Bourassa, S. Solomon
Summary: After the 2020 Australian bushfires, satellite observations documented stratospheric aerosol, temperature, and ozone anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere. The anomalies were comparable to the effects of the Calbuco eruption in 2015, with enhanced aerosols and warm temperature anomalies leading to midlatitude ozone depletion. The overall effects resembled those of the 2015 eruption, with record low ozone levels and polar temperatures.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Pengfei Yu, Sean M. Davis, Owen B. Toon, Robert W. Portmann, Charles G. Bardeen, John E. Barnes, Hagen Telg, Christopher Maloney, Karen H. Rosenlof
Summary: The Australian wildfires from 2019 to 2020 released approximately 0.9 Tg of smoke into the stratosphere, containing 2.5% black carbon. Model calculations suggest a 1 K warming in the stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes for more than 6 months following the injection of black-carbon containing smoke. It is estimated that the smoke-induced chemical reaction led to a decrease in total column ozone in the mid-high southern latitudes.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
F. Robertson, L. E. Revell, H. Douglas, A. T. Archibald, O. Morgenstern, D. Frame
Summary: The year when total column ozone (TCO) returns to 1980 levels is commonly used to measure recovery from ozone-depleting substances. However, this metric fails to account for internal variability and the timing of significant TCO losses. Using the signal-to-noise (S/N) metric, this study investigates how TCO can return to pre-disturbance conditions. The findings suggest that TCO de-emerges before returning to its 1980 value, making S/N a suitable metric for determining TCO recovery.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
F. Robertson, L. E. Revell, H. Douglas, A. T. Archibald, O. Morgenstern, D. Frame
Summary: Research suggests that the year when total column ozone (TCO) returns to 1980 levels is commonly used as an indicator of recovery from ozone-depleting substances. However, this date is somewhat arbitrary. In this study, the signal-to-noise (S/N) metric from climate change research is used to investigate how TCO might return to pre-ozone hole era levels. The findings show that a return to 1980 levels does not necessarily represent TCO recovery to pre-disturbance conditions, and the S/N ratio is a more appropriate and complementary metric.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Alexander D. James, Finn Pace, Sebastien N. F. Sikora, Graham W. Mann, John M. C. Plane, Benjamin J. Murray
Summary: The formation of NAT crystals without water ice is important for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and ozone depletion. Previous studies focused on the nucleating ability of meteoric material in nitric acid, but our study suggests that the sulfuric acid-processed particles also play a significant role in NAT nucleation.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jens-Uwe Grooss, Rolf Mueller
Summary: In the Arctic winter/spring of 2019/2020, due to very stable polar vortex and exceptionally low stratospheric temperatures until early April, significant chemical ozone depletion occurred. Despite a decrease of more than 10% in chlorine and bromine compounds compared to peak values around 2000, unprecedented ozone depletion was caused by meteorological conditions in winter/spring 2019/2020.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter Bernath, Chris Boone, Jeff Crouse
Summary: Large wildfires release smoke and burning products into the mid-latitude stratosphere, causing significant perturbations in stratospheric gases and potentially affecting ozone chemistry.
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
David A. Peterson, Michael D. Fromm, Richard H. D. McRae, James R. Campbell, Edward J. Hyer, Ghassan Taha, Christopher P. Camacho, George P. Kablick, Chris C. Schmidt, Matthew T. DeLand
Summary: The Black Summer fire season of 2019-2020 in southeastern Australia led to a large-scale outbreak of fire-induced and smoke-infused thunderstorms known as pyrocumulonimbus, with over half of the pyroCbs injecting smoke particles into the stratosphere. These smoke plumes persisted for an unusually long time and continued into nighttime, impacting the climate and environment significantly.
NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Edward Charlesworth, Felix Ploeger, Thomas Birner, Rasul Baikhadzhaev, Marta Abalos, Nathan Luke Abraham, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Fraser Dennison, Patrick Joeckel, James Keeble, Doug Kinnison, Olaf Morgenstern, David Plummer, Eugene Rozanov, Sarah Strode, Guang Zeng, Tatiana Egorova, Martin Riese
Summary: Water vapor plays a crucial role in the climate system, affecting various aspects including radiation, cloud formation, atmospheric chemistry, and dynamics. The abundance of water vapor in the lowermost stratosphere has a significant impact on the atmospheric circulation in both the stratosphere and troposphere. Current climate models show a moist bias in this region, which can be attributed to the transport scheme used. This study highlights the importance of accurately representing lowermost stratospheric water vapor in models and suggests the use of a less diffusive Lagrangian scheme to improve model performance.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Jinpeng Lu, Sijia Lou, Xin Huang, Lian Xue, Ke Ding, Tengyu Liu, Yue Ma, Wuke Wang, Aijun Ding
Summary: The HTHH eruption in January 15, 2022, was one of the most explosive volcanic events of the 21st century so far. Satellite-based measurements showed that 0.4 Tg of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was injected into the stratosphere during the eruption. The study investigates the changes in stratospheric chemical compositions one year after the eruption and examines the key processes that affect ozone (O-3) concentrations, including the oxidation of injected SO2 into sulfate and the transport of sulfate aerosols by the Brewer-Dobson circulation.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ewa M. Bednarz, Daniele Visioni, Ben Kravitz, Andy Jones, James M. Haywood, Jadwiga Richter, Douglas G. MacMartin, Peter Braesicke
Summary: This paper presents a comparison of three state-of-the-art Earth system models to study the atmospheric responses to stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) at various latitudes in the tropics. The study reveals the role of biases in circulation and model microphysics in driving the differences in simulated sulfate distributions. The results contribute to understanding the physical mechanisms and reducing uncertainty in model projections of climate impacts from SAI.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jamy Y. Lee, Peter K. Peterson, Logan R. Vear, Ryan D. Cook, Amy P. Sullivan, Ellie Smith, Lelia N. Hawkins, Nicole E. Olson, Rachel Hems, Philip K. Snyder, Kerri A. Pratt
Summary: Wildfires have a significant impact on air quality and climate by producing aerosols that affect cloud droplet formation and water-phase reactions. This study found that smoke from biomass burning influenced the composition of cloud water, leading to increased concentrations of particles and specific chemical components. These findings highlight the important influence of smoke on cloud water composition.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jinqiang Zhang, Dan Li, Jianchun Bian, Zhixuan Bai
Summary: This study analyzed vertical ozone distributions and explored the influence of deep stratospheric intrusions and wildfires on ozone variation in the northern Tibetan Plateau during the Asian summer monsoon period using data from ozonesonde measurements, ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data, satelliteborne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data, and the chemical Lagrangian model of the stratosphere (CLaMS) model. The research found that stratospheric intrusions can significantly affect ozone levels in the troposphere, and confirmed that large wildfires in central and eastern Russia in July 2016 greatly contributed to ozone pollution over the northern Tibetan Plateau.
ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mengyun Li, Yang Yang, Hailong Wang, Huimin Li, Pinya Wang, Hong Liao
Summary: In recent years, the level of near-surface ozone (O3) in China has been increasing rapidly, leading to significant damage to human health and ecosystems. This study investigates the impact of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on the interannual variations of summertime tropospheric O3 over China. The results show that QBO has a significant positive correlation with near-surface O3 concentrations over central China under warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yifeng Peng, Pengfei Yu, Robert W. Portmann, Karen H. Rosenlof, Jiankai Zhang, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Jiangtao Li, Wenshou Tian
Summary: The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 released 10-20 Tg of SO2 into the stratosphere, forming sulfate aerosols. Our modeling results show that volcanic heating significantly affects the chemistry in the tropical stratosphere, including NOx and HOx catalytic cycles. The simulated ozone tendency in the tropics is positive at 20 mb and negative at 10 mb. The study finds that three months after the eruption, the ozone tendency due to homogeneous chemistry becomes more important than heterogeneous chemistry.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Optics
Peter F. Bernath, Randika Dodangodage, Jianbao Zhao, Brant Billinghurst
Summary: Infrared absorption cross sections of propene were determined using high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy with H2 and N2 as broadening gases, in the ranges of 2680-3220 cm-1 and 450-1250 cm-1 respectively. Propene has been measured in the planetary atmospheres of Earth and Titan, and may be detected in the giant planets using infrared spectroscopy.
JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Optics
Michael Lecours, Peter Bernath, Chris Boone, Jeff Crouse
Summary: Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a crucial role in polar ozone depletion. The study utilized the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) on the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite to record infrared transmittance spectra of PSCs and determine their composition and properties. The research identified PSCs as nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), supercooled nitric acid (SNA), supercooled ternary solutions (STS) of nitric and sulfuric acid, and ice. This classification is vital for understanding and modeling polar stratospheric ozone depletion.
JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Optics
P. Bernath, C. Boone, A. Pastorek, D. Cameron, M. Lecours
Summary: Large volcanic eruptions lead to the formation of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere, which have long-lasting effects on climate and stratospheric chemistry. These aerosols cool the Earth's surface by reflecting sunlight back to space and heat the stratosphere by absorbing outgoing thermal radiation. However, the exact properties of sulfate aerosols are uncertain, causing errors in climate model predictions. A new empirical formula is derived to predict the composition of stratospheric sulfate aerosols from volcanic eruptions based on air temperature and water vapor pressure. By analyzing satellite measurements of infrared transmittance, the properties of volcanic aerosols in the stratosphere can be reliably predicted in atmospheric models. (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Troy D. Thornberry, Ru-Shan Gao, Steven J. Ciciora, Laurel A. Watts, Richard J. McLaughlin, Angelina Leonardi, Karen H. Rosenlof, Brian M. Argrow, Jack S. Elston, Maciej Stachura, Joshua Fromm, W. Alan Brewer, Paul Schroeder, Michael Zucker
Summary: Uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) are ideal for gathering high-resolution wildfire measurements, but have limited payload capacity. The NightFOX project, funded by NOAA, developed miniaturized scientific instruments for wildfire-related measurements that meet the weight and size constraints of UAS payloads. The system includes three optical instruments with five sensors for mapping wildfires and measuring fire radiative power, as well as a GPS-aided inertial navigation module. The system has been successfully tested on a small UAS and a crewed aircraft.
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
L. M. Polvani, J. Keeble, A. Banerjee, R. Checa-Garcia, G. Chiodo, H. E. Rieder, K. H. Rosenlof
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jun Zhang, Donald Wuebbles, Jens Holger Pfaender, Douglas Kinnison, Nicholas Davis
Summary: Due to increased public demand for air travel, a desire for more intercontinental travel with shorter flight times, there is renewed interest in developing commercial supersonic transport aircraft. Various companies and academic institutions have been actively considering the design of such aircraft. The environmental impact of these fleets on ozone and climate needs to be explored. This study focused on a proposed supersonic fleet, projected to burn 122.32 Tg of fuel and emit 1.78 Tg of NOx per year, and found that it would cause a 0.74% reduction in global columnar ozone and have an overall warming effect with a net forcing of 45.4 mW/m(2).
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Javier A. Barrera, Douglas E. Kinnison, Rafael P. Fernandez, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Carlos A. Cuevas, Simone Tilmes, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Summary: This study investigates the impact of anthropogenically amplified natural emissions of halogenated species on tropospheric ozone under pre-industrial and present-day atmospheric conditions using the CAM-Chem model. The results show that natural halogens have a slightly greater effect on tropospheric ozone depletion in pre-industrial conditions, with bromine playing a more significant role in this period.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
P. F. Bernath, R. Dodangodage, J. Lievin
Summary: This study analyzes the characteristics of LaO bands in the spectra of cool S-type stars and calculates spectroscopic constants and radiative lifetimes for the A(2)pi state. A line list for the LaO bands is provided, which can be used to determine the abundance of LaO in stars.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yifeng Peng, Pengfei Yu, Robert W. Portmann, Karen H. Rosenlof, Jiankai Zhang, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Jiangtao Li, Wenshou Tian
Summary: The Pinatubo eruption in 1991 released 10-20 Tg of SO2 into the stratosphere, forming sulfate aerosols. Our modeling results show that volcanic heating significantly affects the chemistry in the tropical stratosphere, including NOx and HOx catalytic cycles. The simulated ozone tendency in the tropics is positive at 20 mb and negative at 10 mb. The study finds that three months after the eruption, the ozone tendency due to homogeneous chemistry becomes more important than heterogeneous chemistry.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Pengfei Yu, Robert W. Portmann, Yifeng Peng, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Yunqian Zhu, Elizabeth Asher, Zhixuan Bai, Ye Lu, Jianchun Bian, Michael Mills, Anja Schmidt, Karen H. Rosenlof, Owen B. Toon
Summary: Volcanic and wildfire events between 2014 and 2022 injected 3.2 Tg of sulfur dioxide and 0.8 Tg of smoke aerosols into the stratosphere. The simulated stratospheric lifetime of the injections during this period is 50% longer than previous volcanic injections. These injections resulted in a global mean effective radiative forcing of -0.18 W m(-2), which is 40% of the radiative forcing caused by the Pinatubo eruption. The smoke aerosols from wildfires have a greater negative radiative forcing compared to volcanic sulfate.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
N. A. Davis, D. Visioni, R. R. Garcia, D. E. Kinnison, D. R. Marsh, M. Mills, J. H. Richter, S. Tilmes, C. G. Bardeen, A. Gettelman, A. A. Glanville, D. G. Macmartin, A. K. Smith, F. Vitt
Summary: Simulating the dynamics, chemistry, and physics of the entire atmosphere is computationally expensive. Simplified chemistry configurations can reliably simulate the whole atmosphere with reduced computational resources, except for cases requiring an accurate representation of tropospheric organic chemistry and secondary organic aerosols.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Yunpeng Shan, Xiaohong Liu, Lin Lin, Ziming Ke, Zheng Lu, Simone Tilmes, Lan Gao, Pengfei Yu
Summary: In this study, a physically-based aerosol wet removal scheme is implemented into a global climate model to improve the representation of aerosol vertical distribution. The evaluation against observations shows significant improvements over the default scheme, highlighting the importance of accurate representation of aerosol wet removal. The improved aerosol wet removal scheme leads to a more reflective cloud radiative forcing on a global scale.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2023)
Article
Optics
P. Bernath, D. Cameron
Summary: The TiO A3 & phi;-X3 & UDelta; electronic transition (& gamma; system) plays an important role in the opacity of M dwarf stars and hot Jupiter exoplanet atmospheres. The spectroscopic constants and line positions for the minor isotopologues 46TiO, 47TiO, 49TiO, and 50TiO in the 0-0 and 0-1 bands have been analyzed based on experimental data. A total of 8248 lines in the A3 & phi;-X3 & UDelta; transition, covering wavenumbers from 12,827 cm-1 to 14,172 cm-1 (780-706 nm) with J values from 1 to 70, have been fitted. The TiO emission spectrum used for analysis was recorded at the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope in Kitt Peak, Arizona.
JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sean M. Davis, Nicholas Davis, Robert W. Portmann, Eric Ray, Karen Rosenlof
Summary: This paper investigates the relationship between tropical lower-stratospheric upwelling and lower-stratospheric ozone by analyzing the discrepancy between WACCM-SD simulations and observations. The study finds that the standard configuration of WACCM-SD fails to reproduce the tropical upwelling changes, leading to a spurious negative upwelling trend and an apparent discrepancy in ozone trends. However, a free-running version of WACCM using only surface boundary conditions produces results that are in closer agreement with ozone observations.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
J. Douglas Goetz, Lars E. Kalnajs, Terry Deshler, Sean M. Davis, Martina Bramberger, M. Joan Alexander
Summary: A novel fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing instrument, FLOATS, has been developed for continuous in situ profiling of atmospheric temperature. FLOATS utilizes a suspended fiber-optic cable and Raman scattering to provide real-time temperature profiles with a resolution of 3 m at a minimum sampling period of 20 s. The instrument has been successfully tested and demonstrated its capability to detect small-scale gravity waves.
ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
(2023)