Journal
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
Volume 149, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111421
Keywords
Cost of energy; Fuel cell; Hydrogen production; Net present cost; Photovoltaic
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This paper proposes an optimal off-grid solar photovoltaic/hydrogen fuel cell energy system for the north-east Indian states, demonstrating its cost-effectiveness and feasibility in renewable energy generation through optimized sizing and cost of PV and fuel cell components.
In this paper, an optimal off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV)/hydrogen fuel cell (FC) (HFC) based energy system is proposed for renewable energy generation to supply electricity to the end-user load demand in north-east (NE) Indian states. The energy system is modeled and simulated in the HOMER software. The monthly average global horizontal solar radiation (GHSR) and ambient temperature of the NE states are found to be 3.95-4.79 kWh/m(2) and 12.9-25.3 degrees C, respectively. The synthesized typical AC electrical load profile of 10 kWp is assumed to have a scaled daily annual mean value equal to 138 kWh/d and an average base demand value equal to 5.75 kW. With the considered connected load, the available GHSR and ambient temperature, the optimal sizes of renewable energy components for the considered eight geographical locations (latitude: 23 degrees 30'-27 degrees 3' North, longitude: 88 degrees 37'-94 degrees 7' East) are determined based on the minimum levelized cost of energy (COE) and lowest net present cost (NPC). The optimal system architecture range obtained is 110-120 kW PV array, 10-15 kW FC, 30-60 kW electrolyzer, 40-60 kg hydrogen tank capacity and 15 kW converter. Based on optimization results, the levelized COE and NPC range obtained are 0.509-0.689 $/kWh and $ 3,27,557-4,43,004, respectively, which confirm the cost-effectiveness of the proposed optimal energy system. Besides, with a renewable fraction of 100%, the electricity generated by the PV/HFC system satisfied the load demand and produced excess electricity with capacity factor found to be 16.4-31.2% in all the NE Indian states. Moreover, the optimized electrical profile, PV profile, inverter profile, and hydrogen production from an FC are compared and analyzed in terms of monthly average and annualized values for all the NE states. Also, the range of net hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer over the year obtained is 1538-1856 kg/yr.
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