Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
Volume 63, Issue 5, Pages 3168-3178Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2016.2516961
Keywords
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; integral battery temperature; lithium batteries; non-zero intercept frequency (NZIF); sensorless temperature measurement
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Funding
- ADEM, A green Deal in Energy Materials of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of The Netherlands
- European Union ECSEL 3CCar project (Integrated Components for Complexity Control in affordable electric cars)
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A new impedance-based approach is introduced in which the integral battery temperature is related to other frequencies than the recently developed zero-intercept frequency (ZIF). The advantage of the proposed non-ZIF (NZIF) method is that measurement interferences, resulting from the current flowing through the battery (pack), can be avoided at these frequencies. This gives higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and, consequently, more accurate temperature measurements. A theoretical analysis, using an equivalent circuit model of a Li-ion battery, shows that NZIFs are temperature dependent in a way similar to the ZIF and can therefore also be used as a battery temperature indicator. To validate the proposed method, impedance measurements have been performed with individual LiFePO4 batteries and with large LiFePO4 battery packs tested in a full electric vehicle under driving conditions. The measurement results show that the NZIF is clearly dependent on the integral battery temperature and reveals a similar behavior to that of the ZIF method. This makes it possible to optimally adjust the NZIF method to frequencies with the highest SNR.
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