4.6 Review

Development and applications of GIS-based spatial analysis in environmental geochemistry in the big data era

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH
Volume 45, Issue 4, Pages 1079-1090

Publisher

SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01183-8

Keywords

Geographical information system (GIS); Spatial analysis; Environmental geochemistry; Spatial machine learning; Big data

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The research discusses the opportunities and challenges that big data brings to environmental geochemistry, focusing on spatial analysis using GIS-based approaches and spatial machine learning techniques. It highlights the importance of integrating spatial analysis on the GIS platform and suggests further studies on temporal trends of environmental geochemical features.
The research of environmental geochemistry entered the big data era. Environmental big data is a kind of new method and thought, which brings both opportunities and challenges to GIS-based spatial analysis in geochemical studies. However, big data research in environmental geochemistry is still in its preliminary stage, and what practical problems can be solved still remain unclear. This short review paper briefly discusses the main problems and solutions of spatial analysis related to the big data in environmental geochemistry, with a focus on the development and applications of conventional GIS-based approaches as well as advanced spatial machine learning techniques. The topics discussed include probability distribution and data transformation, spatial structures and patterns, correlation and spatial relationships, data visualisation, spatial prediction, background and threshold, hot spots and spatial outliers as well as distinction of natural and anthropogenic factors. It is highlighted that the integration of spatial analysis on the GIS platform provides effective solutions to revealing the hidden spatial patterns and spatially varying relationships in environmental geochemistry, demonstrated by an example of cadmium concentrations in the topsoil of Northern Ireland through hot spot analysis. In the big data era, further studies should be more inclined to the integration and application of spatial machine learning techniques, as well as investigation on the temporal trends of environmental geochemical features.

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