Locating terrane boundaries in South China with big geochemical data mining

The basis for understanding continental tectonics to a large degree relies on terrane recognition. However, discrepant identifications and interpretations of the same terrane as well as its boundary are still commonly seen in South China. For years, the central debate has been revolving around the Yangtze-Cathaysia boundary and West-East Cathaysia boundary. Here we characterized the geochemical patterns (or differences) of the proposed terranes and located their boundaries by using a big geochemical dataset of South China, which consists of compositions of 75 elements in 5231 sediment samples. To extract valuable information from this big geochemical dataset, we applied multiple data mining techniques, including principal component analysis, sequential binary partition, Sobel operator, and support vector machine. Our results show that the geochemical patterns vary distinctly at regional scale across both the subblocks (i.e., Yangtze and Cathaysia) and terranes (i.e., Jiuling, Huaiyu, and Youjiang). Accordingly, we conclude that 1) the Northeast Jiangxi fault marks not only the Jiuling-Huaiyu boundary but also the north-eastern Yangtze-Cathaysia boundary; 2) the Yangtze-Cathaysia boundary extends westward along the Jiangshan-Pingxiang-Chaling fault; and 3) a fault zone comprising the Northwest Fujian fault and Zhenghe-Dapu fault possibly demarcates the West and East Cathaysia. The boundaries defined by the contrasting geochemical patterns in this study are also supported by geophysical, Nd isotopic, and geological evidence. Our observations will allow better explanation of where the proposed terranes originated and how South China was assembled. Our work demonstrates that data mining techniques are effective in deriving and integrating information for solving geoscience problems.

Automated summary

Terrane recognition and boundary identification are crucial for understanding continental tectonics. However, discrepant interpretations of terranes and boundaries are still common in South China. In this study, a large geochemical dataset was used to characterize proposed terranes and locate their boundaries. Data mining techniques were applied to extract valuable information, and the results showed distinct geochemical patterns at regional and terrane scales. The defined boundaries were supported by geophysical, Nd isotopic, and geological evidence, providing better insights into the origin and assembly of South China.