Sub- and Supercritical Extraction of Slovenian Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) Aurora Variety Using Different Solvents

This work investigates the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction of hops with a variety of solvents including carbon dioxide (CO2), propane, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and dimethyl ether (DME) at various densities (low-density and high-density). Operating parameters were 50 bar, 100 bar and 150 bar and 20 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 60 degrees C and 80 degrees C for all solvents, respectively. The influence of process parameters on the total yield of extraction and content of bitter acids in the extracts has been investigated. The mathematical model based on Fick's second law well described the experimental extraction results. Furthermore, HPLC analysis has been used to determine alpha- and beta-acids in extracts. The yield of bitter compounds in hop extracts was largely influenced by the type of solvent, the temperature and pressure applied during extraction. The results show that CO2 and propane were roughly equivalent to DME in solvating power, while SF6 was a poor solvent at the same conditions. The highest yield as well as the highest concentration of bitter acids in extracts were obtained by using DME, where the optimal operating conditions were 40 degrees C and 100 bar for the extraction of alpha-acids (max. concentration 9.6%), 60 degrees C and 50 bar for the extraction of beta-acids (4.5%) and 60 degrees C and 150 bar for the maximum extraction yield (25.6%).

Automated summary

This study investigates the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction of hops using various solvents, temperatures, and pressures. Results show that DME is the most effective solvent for extracting bitter compounds, with CO2 and propane also performing well. The mathematical model based on Fick's second law accurately describes the experimental extraction results.