Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in a Changing Environment: Concepts, Controversies, Challenges

Total phosphorus and climate are equally important predictors of water quality in lakes

(2021) Arnab Shuvo et al.   AQUATIC SCIENCES

The Landscape of Recombination Events That Create Nonribosomal Peptide Diversity

(2021) Martin Baunach et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

Obligate brominating enzymes underlie bromoform production by marine cyanobacteria

(2021) Hem R. Thapa et al.   JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY

Is Exposure to BMAA a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Response to a Critical Review of the BMAA Hypothesis

(2021) Dunlop RA et al.   NEUROTOXICITY RESEARCH

CyanoMetDB, a comprehensive public database of secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria

(2021) Martin R. Jones et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Hunting the eagle killer: A cyanobacterial neurotoxin causes vacuolar myelinopathy

(2021) Steffen Breinlinger et al.   SCIENCE

Cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic lakes: Shifting the high‐nutrient paradigm

(2021) Kaitlin L. Reinl et al.   FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Cyanobacterial growth and cyanophycin production with urea and ammonium as nitrogen source

(2021) S. Canizales et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY

Guanitoxin, re-naming a cyanobacterial organophosphate toxin

(2020) Marli Fátima Fiore et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

Microviridin 1777: A Toxic Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Discovered by a Metabologenomic Approach

(2020) Simon Sieber et al.   JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

Cyanopeptide Co-Production Dynamics beyond Mirocystins and Effects of Growth Stages and Nutrient Availability

(2020) Regiane Natumi et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation and the management of small productive lakes

(2020) Stephen C. Maberly et al.   Inland Waters

Effects of Nutrient Limitation on the Synthesis of N-Rich Phytoplankton Toxins: A Meta-Analysis

(2020) Karen Brandenburg et al.   Toxins

Acute toxicity of dihydroanatoxin-a from Microcoleus autumnalis in comparison to anatoxin-a

(2020) Jonathan Puddick et al.   CHEMOSPHERE

Ecosystem-scale nutrient cycling responses to increasing air temperatures vary with lake trophic state

(2020) Kaitlin J. Farrell et al.   ECOLOGICAL MODELLING

Toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacterial proliferations: Challenges and solutions for enhancing knowledge and improving monitoring and mitigation

(2020) Susanna A. Wood et al.   FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Phytoplankton and anthropogenic changes in pelagic environments

(2020) Nico Salmaso et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Development of Lake Vesijärvi through four decades of remediation efforts

(2020) Kalevi Salonen et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Effects of Harmful Blooms of Large-Sized and Colonial Cyanobacteria on Aquatic Food Webs

(2020) Maria Moustaka-Gouni et al.   Water

What Colin Reynolds could tell us about nutrient limitation, N:P ratios and eutrophication control

(2020) Ingrid Chorus et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Redox-related release of phosphorus from sediments in large and shallow Lake Peipsi: Evidence from sediment studies and long-term monitoring data

(2020) Olga Tammeorg et al.   JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH

Relationships of total phosphorus and chlorophyll in lakes worldwide

(2020) Roberto Quinlan et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

The Globalization of Cultural Eutrophication in the Coastal Ocean: Causes and Consequences

(2020) Thomas C. Malone et al.   Frontiers in Marine Science

Predicting the effects of climate change on freshwater cyanobacterial blooms requires consideration of the complete cyanobacterial life cycle

(2020) Kathryn L Cottingham et al.   JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH

Long-term impacts of nutrient control, climate change, and invasive clams on phytoplankton and cyanobacteria biomass in a large temperate river

(2020) Camille Minaudo et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Production by Benthic Microseira (Lyngbya) wollei in a Freshwater New York Lake

(2019) Zacharias Smith et al.   Toxins

Vitamin A and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

(2019) Sabina Bastos Maia et al.   Nutrients

Cyanobacterial peptides beyond microcystins – A review on co-occurrence, toxicity, and challenges for risk assessment

(2019) Elisabeth M.-L. Janssen   WATER RESEARCH

Natural Products from Cyanobacteria: Focus on Beneficial Activities

(2019) Justine Demay et al.   Marine Drugs

Total phosphorus-precipitation and Chlorophyll a-phosphorus relationships of lakes and reservoirs mediated by soil iron at regional scale

(2019) Quehui Tang et al.   WATER RESEARCH

New directions in biological nitrogen removal and recovery from wastewater

(2019) Mari KH Winkler et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Harmful algae at the complex nexus of eutrophication and climate change

(2019) Patricia M. Glibert   HARMFUL ALGAE

Temporal phosphate gradients reveal diverse acclimation responses in phytoplankton phosphate uptake

(2019) Carlos Cáceres et al.   ISME Journal

The Signal Transduction Protein PII Controls Ammonium, Nitrate and Urea Uptake in Cyanobacteria

(2019) Björn Watzer et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Cyanophycin and arginine metabolism in cyanobacteria

(2019) Enrique Flores et al.   Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts

Factors regulating the coastal nutrient filter in the Baltic Sea

(2019) Jacob Carstensen et al.   AMBIO

Mitigating eutrophication and toxic cyanobacterial blooms in large lakes: The evolution of a dual nutrient (N and P) reduction paradigm

(2019) Hans W. Paerl et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Widespread global increase in intense lake phytoplankton blooms since the 1980s

(2019) Jeff C. Ho et al.   NATURE

Multiannual variations in Microcystis bloom episodes – Temperature drives shift in species composition

(2019) Shira Ninio et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

Phosphorus thresholds for bloom-forming cyanobacterial taxa in boreal lakes

(2019) Kristiina Vuorio et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins

(2019) Noureddine Bouaïcha et al.   Toxins

Cost effectiveness of phosphorus removal processes in municipal wastewater treatment

(2018) Rania Bashar et al.   CHEMOSPHERE

Seasonally Relevant Cool Temperatures Interact with N Chemistry to Increase Microcystins Produced in Lab Cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843

(2018) Guotao Peng et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

What is the Best Biological Process for Nitrogen Removal: When and Why?

(2018) Perry L. McCarty   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Mechanisms preventing a decrease in phytoplankton biomass after phosphorus reductions in a German drinking water reservoir-results from more than 50 years of observation

(2018) Valerie Carolin Wentzky et al.   FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Functional diversity of phytoplankton highlights long-term gradual regime shift in the middle section of the Danube River due to global warming, human impacts and oligotrophication

(2018) András Abonyi et al.   FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Effects of multiple stressors on cyanobacteria abundance varies with lake type

(2018) Jessica Richardson et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Could the extreme meteorological events in Lake Maggiore watershed determine a climate-driven eutrophication process?

(2018) Giuseppe Morabito et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Cyanobacterial blooms

(2018) Jef Huisman et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Fitness and eco-physiological response of a chytrid fungal parasite infecting planktonic cyanobacteria to thermal and host genotype variation

(2018) Ramsy Agha et al.   PARASITOLOGY

Widespread anatoxin-a detection in benthic cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network

(2018) Keith Bouma-Gregson et al.   PLoS One

Paralytic shellfish toxin producing Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from Lake Iznik, Turkey

(2018) Mete Yilmaz et al.   TOXICON

Occurrence of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and Isomers in Aquatic Environments and Aquatic Food Sources for Humans

(2018) Emilie Lance et al.   Toxins

Fatal Neurotoxicosis in Dogs Associated with Tychoplanktic, Anatoxin-a Producing Tychonema sp. in Mesotrophic Lake Tegel, Berlin

(2018) Jutta Fastner et al.   Toxins

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

(2018) Evanthia Mantzouki et al.   Toxins

Mitigating Toxic Planktonic Cyanobacterial Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems Facing Increasing Anthropogenic and Climatic Pressures

(2018) Hans Paerl   Toxins

Decreased nitrogen loading controls summer cyanobacterial blooms without promoting nitrogen-fixing taxa: Long-term response of a shallow lake

(2018) T. Shatwell et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Dynamic polyphosphate metabolism in cyanobacteria responding to phosphorus availability

(2018) Jiying Li et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Old sins have long shadows: climate change weakens efficiency of trophic coupling of phyto- and zooplankton in a deep oligo-mesotrophic lowland lake (Stechlin, Germany)—a causality analysis

(2018) Géza B. Selmeczy et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Fungal secondary metabolism: regulation, function and drug discovery

(2018) Nancy P. Keller   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Novel two stage partial denitrification (PD)-Anammox process for tertiary nitrogen removal from low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) municipal sewage

(2018) Shenbin Cao et al.   CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL

Assessing long-term effects of multiple, potentially confounded drivers in ecosystems from species traits

(2017) Mathieu Floury et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Ongoing ecological shifts in a large lake are driven by climate change and eutrophication: evidences from a three-decade study in Lake Garda

(2017) Nico Salmaso et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Nitrogen or phosphorus limitation in lakes and its impact on phytoplankton biomass and submerged macrophyte cover

(2017) Martin Søndergaard et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Benthic cyanobacteria: A source of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin in Australian drinking water reservoirs

(2017) Virginie Gaget et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Chemotype diversity inPlanktothrix rubescens(cyanobacteria) populations is correlated to lake depth

(2017) Danka Haruštiaková et al.   Environmental Microbiology Reports

Are We Underestimating Benthic Cyanotoxins? Extensive Sampling Results from Spain

(2017) Enrique Cantoral Uriza et al.   Toxins

Reconciling the opposing effects of warming on phytoplankton biomass in 188 large lakes

(2017) Benjamin M. Kraemer et al.   Scientific Reports

Competition between a toxic and a non-toxic Microcystis strain under constant and pulsed nitrogen and phosphorus supply

(2016) Saara Suominen et al.   AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms: strategies for control of nitrogen and phosphorus loads

(2016) David P. Hamilton et al.   AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Estimating future cyanobacterial occurrence and importance in lakes: a case study with Planktothrix rubescens in Lake Geneva

(2016) Nicole Gallina et al.   AQUATIC SCIENCES

Emergence of nontoxic mutants as revealed by single filament analysis in bloom-forming cyanobacteria of the genus Planktothrix

(2016) Qin Chen et al.   BMC MICROBIOLOGY

The dual role of nitrogen supply in controlling the growth and toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms

(2016) Christopher J. Gobler et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

How rising CO 2 and global warming may stimulate harmful cyanobacterial blooms

(2016) Petra M. Visser et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

The re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Harmful algal blooms and hypoxia

(2016) Susan B. Watson et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

Prolongation, deepening and warming of the metalimnion change habitat conditions of the harmful filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens in a prealpine lake

(2016) Yana Yankova et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

High chlorophyll a concentration in a low nutrient context: discussions in a subtropical lake dominated by Cyanobacteria

(2016) Mariana C. Hennemann et al.   JOURNAL OF LIMNOLOGY

Indole Alkaloids of the Stigonematales (Cyanophyta): Chemical Diversity, Biosynthesis and Biological Activity

(2016) Katherine Walton et al.   Marine Drugs

Nutrient reduction magnifies the impact of extreme weather on cyanobacterial bloom formation in large shallow Lake Taihu (China)

(2016) Zhen Yang et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Combating cyanobacterial proliferation by avoiding or treating inflows with high P load—experiences from eight case studies

(2015) Jutta Fastner et al.   AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Blue-Green Algae in a “Greenhouse Century”? New Insights from Field Data on Climate Change Impacts on Cyanobacteria Abundance

(2015) Orlane Anneville et al.   ECOSYSTEMS

Competition between toxic and non-toxic Microcystis aeruginosa and its ecological implication

(2015) Lamei Lei et al.   ECOTOXICOLOGY

Changes in secondary metabolic profiles of Microcystis aeruginosa strains in response to intraspecific interactions

(2015) Enora Briand et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Effects of temperature and nitrogen availability on the growth of invasive and native cyanobacteria

(2015) Mridul K. Thomas et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Microcystin Production and Regulation under Nutrient Stress Conditions in Toxic Microcystis Strains

(2014) Juliana S. M. Pimentel et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Predicting phytoplankton biomass and estimating critical N:P ratios with piecewise models that conform to Liebig's law of the minimum

(2014) Andrew M. Dolman et al.   FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Cyanobacterial bloom termination: the disappearance ofPlanktothrix rubescensfrom Lake Bourget (France) after restoration

(2014) Stéphan Jacquet et al.   FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Phytoplankton co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus in a shallow reservoir: progressing from the phosphorus limitation paradigm

(2014) Stefanie Müller et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Integrating phylogeny, geographic niche partitioning and secondary metabolite synthesis in bloom-forming Planktothrix

(2014) Rainer Kurmayer et al.   ISME Journal

Seasonal dynamics and sedimentation patterns ofMicrocystisoligopeptide-based chemotypes reveal subpopulations with different ecological traits

(2014) Ramsy Agha et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Seasonal Patterns of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Limitation in Four German Lakes and the Predictability of Limitation Status from Ambient Nutrient Concentrations

(2014) Sebastian Kolzau et al.   PLoS One

First report of microcystin-producing Fischerella sp. (Stigonematales, Cyanobacteria) in tropical Australia

(2014) Samuel Cirés et al.   TOXICON

Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov.: Epiphytic cyanobacteria on invasive aquatic plants implicated in Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy

(2014) Susan Bennett Wilde et al.   Phytotaxa

Allied attack: climate change and eutrophication

(2014) Brian Moss   Inland Waters

Presence of the Neurotoxin BMAA in Aquatic Ecosystems: What Do We Really Know?

(2014) Elisabeth Faassen   Toxins

Oligopeptides as Biomarkers of Cyanobacterial Subpopulations. Toward an Understanding of Their Biological Role

(2014) Ramsy Agha et al.   Toxins

Putative Antiparasite Defensive System Involving Ribosomal and Nonribosomal Oligopeptides in Cyanobacteria of the Genus Planktothrix

(2013) Thomas Rohrlack et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Sustaining recreational quality of European lakes: minimizing the health risks from algal blooms through phosphorus control

(2013) Laurence Carvalho et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY

The interaction between climate warming and eutrophication to promote cyanobacteria is dependent on trophic state and varies among taxa

(2013) Anna Rigosi et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Controls

(2013) Hans W. Paerl et al.   MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

A review of current knowledge on toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacteria – Ecology, toxin production and risk management

(2013) Quiblier Catherine et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Deep living Planktothrix rubescens modulated by environmental constraints and climate forcing

(2012) Martin T. Dokulil et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Phytoplankton response to a changing climate

(2012) Monika Winder et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Impacts of extreme air temperatures on cyanobacteria in five deep peri-Alpine lakes

(2012) Nicole GALLINA et al.   JOURNAL OF LIMNOLOGY

Allometric scaling and taxonomic variation in nutrient utilization traits and maximum growth rate of phytoplankton

(2012) Kyle F. Edwards et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Regulation of fungal secondary metabolism

(2012) Axel A. Brakhage   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

Correction: Evidence of the Cost of the Production of Microcystins by Microcystis aeruginosa under Differing Light and Nitrate Environmental Conditions

(2012) Enora Briand et al.   PLoS One

Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: The Influence of Nitrogen versus Phosphorus

(2012) Andrew M. Dolman et al.   PLoS One

Harmful filamentous cyanobacteria favoured by reduced water turnover with lake warming

(2012) Thomas Posch et al.   Nature Climate Change

Effect of Light Intensity on the Relative Dominance of Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa

(2011) Susan LeBlanc Renaud et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities

(2011) W. Stanley Harpole et al.   ECOLOGY LETTERS

Rationale for Control of Anthropogenic Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Reduce Eutrophication of Inland Waters

(2011) William M. Lewis et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Warmer climates boost cyanobacterial dominance in shallow lakes

(2011) Sarian Kosten et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Reversal in competitive dominance of a toxic versus non-toxic cyanobacterium in response to rising CO2

(2011) Dedmer B Van de Waal et al.   ISME Journal

Nutrients in estuaries — An overview and the potential impacts of climate change

(2011) Peter J. Statham   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

Spatio-temporal distribution of cell-bound and dissolved geosmin in Wahnbach Reservoir: Causes and potential odour nuisances in raw water

(2011) Sabine Jähnichen et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Effects of rainfall patterns on toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a changing climate: Between simplistic scenarios and complex dynamics

(2011) Elke S. Reichwaldt et al.   WATER RESEARCH

Spatiotemporal Variations in Microcystin Concentrations and in the Proportions of Microcystin-Producing Cells in Several Microcystis aeruginosa Populations

(2010) M. Sabart et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Challenges and opportunities for integrating lake ecosystem modelling approaches

(2010) Wolf M. Mooij et al.   AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Annual variation of Microcystis genotypes and their potential toxicity in water and sediment from a eutrophic reservoir

(2010) Song-Gun Kim et al.   FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY

Competitiveness of invasive and native cyanobacteria from temperate freshwaters under various light and temperature conditions

(2010) G. Mehnert et al.   JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH

Some thoughts on the concept of colimitation: Three definitions and the importance of bioavailability

(2010) Mak A. Saito et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Oligopeptide chemotypes of the toxic freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix can form sub-populations with dissimilar ecological traits

(2010) Thomas Rohrlack et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Nitrogen fixation may not balance the nitrogen pool in lakes over timescales relevant to eutrophication management

(2010) J. Thad Scott et al.   LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

Nitrogen Fixation and Hydrogen Metabolism in Cyanobacteria

(2010) H. Bothe et al.   MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS

Global nitrogen and phosphate in urban wastewater for the period 1970 to 2050

(2009) G. Van Drecht et al.   GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

Effects of a half a millennium winter on a deep lake - a shape of things to come?

(2009) DIETMAR STRAILE et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Lake Erie Microcystis: Relationship between microcystin production, dynamics of genotypes and environmental parameters in a large lake

(2009) Johanna M. Rinta-Kanto et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

Phytoplankton in a changing world: cell size and elemental stoichiometry

(2009) Z. V. Finkel et al.   JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH

ECOLOGY: Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus

(2009) D. J. Conley et al.   SCIENCE

Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms

(2009) Hans W. Paerl et al.   Environmental Microbiology Reports

Trait-Based Community Ecology of Phytoplankton

(2008) Elena Litchman et al.   Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics

Temporal Variations in the Dynamics of Potentially Microcystin-Producing Strains in a Bloom-Forming Planktothrix agardhii (Cyanobacterium) Population

(2008) E. Briand et al.   APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Chlorophyll–nutrient relationships of different lake types using a large European dataset

(2008) G. Phillips et al.   AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Iron availability affects mcyD expression and microcystin-LR synthesis in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806

(2008) Emma Sevilla et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria

(2008) KLAUS D. JÖHNK et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Abundance and toxicity of Planktothrix rubescens in the pre-alpine Lake Ammersee, Germany

(2008) Bernhard Ernst et al.   HARMFUL ALGAE

Use and misuse in the application of the phytoplankton functional classification: a critical review with updates

(2008) Judit Padisák et al.   HYDROBIOLOGIA

Oxygen Controls the Phosphorus Release from Lake Sediments - a Long-Lasting Paradigm in Limnology

(2008) Michael Hupfer et al.   INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY

Control of Lacustrine Phytoplankton by Nutrients: Erosion of the Phosphorus Paradigm

(2008) William M. Lewis et al.   INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY

Spatiotemporal changes in the genetic diversity of a bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) population

(2008) Enora Briand et al.   ISME Journal

Halogenase Genes in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters of Microcystis (Cyanobacteria): Sporadic Distribution and Evolution

(2008) S. Cadel-Six et al.   MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION