Article
Engineering, Chemical
Isik Sena Akgun, Enis Demir, Murat Isik, Nadin Ekmekciyan, Erkan Senses, Can Erkey
Summary: Alginate aerogel particles were successfully coated with a copovidone and hydroxypropyl cellulose based polymer in a Wurster fluidized bed. The results indicate that the pores of aerogels were not damaged during the process. Changing bed temperature led to significant changes in coating thickness whereas both bed temperature and atomizing pressure affected coating layer surface morphology. The smoothest coating layer surface and the highest coating efficiency were achieved at 50 degrees C with 1.7 bar atomizing pressure.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Michael W. Stocker, Matthew J. Harding, Valerio Todaro, Anne Marie Healy, Steven Ferguson
Summary: Integrated API and drug product processing allows molecules with high clinical efficacy but poor physicochemical characteristics to be commercialized by co-processing with excipients. The goal of this study was to purify a model API and impurity system and directly process it into a solid-state formulation without isolating a solid API phase. Confined agitated bed crystallization was used to purify the impure API and the spray coating process was developed using a Design of Experiments approach to control drug loading efficiency and crystallinity.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
S. Madlmeir, T. Forgber, M. Trogrlic, D. Jajcevic, A. Kape, L. Contreras, A. Carmody, P. Liu, C. Davies, A. Sarkar, J. G. Khinast
Summary: This study investigates the drying and losses of spray droplets during the coating process of medicines. By using simulation and experiments, the researchers propose solutions to reduce coating losses and improve coating yield, leading to significant time savings.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gary Reineccius, Shardul Patil, Vaidhyanathan Anantharamkrishnan
Summary: This research compares granulation to spray drying/agglomeration for producing flavoring particles. The study finds that granulation produces better properties, such as improved oxidation resistance, higher density, without the need for a two-step process.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lucas Dal Magro, Joao Pedro S. Pessoa, Manuela P. Klein, Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente, Rafael C. Rodrigues
Summary: This study immobilized a commercial enzyme cocktail for fruit juice clarification on chitosan beads and found that despite low activity recovery after immobilization, the stability of the immobilized enzyme was greater than that of the free enzyme. The enzyme retained higher activity levels under extreme conditions, and the fluidized-bed reactor showed better juice clarification capacity compared to the packed-bed reactor.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Heng Li, Daoyin Liu, Jiliang Ma, Xiaoping Chen
Summary: Cycle Time Distribution (CTD) is critical for determining the uniformity of particle coating in spray fluidized beds. This study simulated a spray fluidized bed using a comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Model (CFD-DEM) and investigated the effects of bed structure and operating conditions on CTD and coating uniformity.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wei Zhang, Haiming Wang, Changfu You
Summary: A coupled methodology was developed to model the fluidized bed coating process considering particle abrasion. Experimental data was used to verify the models of evaporation, coating, and abrasion. The research provides an efficient approach for modeling fluidized bed coating processes and offers guidelines for practical application of in-situ desulfurizer preparation.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Aiming Deng, Tianqi Tang, Shanshan Sun, Yurong He
Summary: Wet granulation processes are widely used in various industries, and the impact of injection gas velocity, droplet diameter, and injection liquid viscosity on particle growth ratio and coating thickness distribution was investigated in this study. By decreasing droplet diameter and increasing gas velocity, the particle growth area was significantly expanded, leading to increased collision frequency and decreased liquid content, ultimately improving particle quality and uniformity.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Andrey A. Lipin, Alexandr G. Lipin
Summary: This study proposes a new model for the batch fluidized-bed coating process and evaluates coating uniformity based on the degree of coverage. The numerical solution algorithm predicts particle distribution and analyzes the influence of main process parameters on coating uniformity.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Isik Sena Akgun, Can Erkey
Summary: The study characterized fluidization regimes for alginate aerogel particles in a Wurster fluidized bed, revealing minimum fluidization, bubbling, pneumatic, horizontal circular motion, and circulatory particle motion regimes. Factors such as particle size, batch volume, tube size, plate geometry, and gap height were found to influence the boundaries of each fluidization regime.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yilun Weng, Supun Ranaweera, Da Zou, Anna P. Cameron, Xiaojing Chen, Hao Song, Chun-Xia Zhao
Summary: Enzymes are essential for industries, but their sensitivity to high temperatures can be problematic. Encapsulation with alginate microparticles has been shown to improve enzyme thermal stability, but other factors like enzyme loading and bioavailability also need to be considered. This study optimized the efficiency of enzyme encapsulation and achieved high enzyme loading and thermal stability, with excellent bioavailability demonstrated in an animal trial.
FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sanjay Kumar Devendhar Singh, Kathy Lu
Summary: In this study, defect-free SiOC coatings were prepared on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) microspheres by a fluidized bed coating process. The impact regime diagram constructed demonstrated that the coating mechanisms were collision/impact. Two-step pyrolysis in Ar achieved complete coating layers, which were comprised of SiOC, SiO2, SiC, and graphite, providing a new method for producing SiOC coatings on micron spheres for the application of nuclear TRISO fuel particles.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Maike Orth, Sonja Rotter, Wasif Safdar, Suereyya Tasdemir, Swantje Pietsch-Braune, Stefan Heinrich, Alexander Duester
Summary: The main goal of designing crash absorber particles for filling the double-hull of ships is to achieve optimal mechanical performance with a low-density structure, while meeting additional requirements such as non-toxic and hydrophobic behavior. This study used a fluidized bed to coat Poraver((R)) glass particles with Candelilla wax and silicone to meet these specifications. Coating with wax resulted in a uniform coating, but the process was more challenging with silicone. Mechanical tests and structural investigations were conducted to evaluate the suitability of coated particles as a granular filling material and compare their performances with untreated Poraver((R)) particles. While no notable improvement in mechanical behavior was observed on the single-particle level, bulk tests showed promising results in terms of compressibility and abrasion resistance of coated particles compared to untreated ones.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Yinqiang Song, Tuo Zhou, Ruiqi Bai, Man Zhang, Hairui Yang
Summary: Wet fluidized bed granulation and coating processes are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The complex gas-solid flow and heat and mass transfer in these processes make it difficult to have complete control over the apparatuses. Computational fluid dynamics coupled with the discrete element method (CFD-DEM) provides a useful tool to study the gas-solid hydrodynamics of these processes. This review introduces the theory of CFD-DEM, its application in simulating wet fluidized bed granulation and coating, and discusses its role in resolving issues and future developments.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Eric Otto, Robert Duerr, Gerd Strenzke, Stefan Palis, Andreas Bueck, Evangelos Tsotsas, Achim Kienle
Summary: Fluidized bed spray agglomeration is a significant industrial particle formation process, and mathematical process modeling plays a crucial role in analyzing mechanistic processes, intensification, and control. This study focuses on the influence of seven operational parameters on particle size distribution and introduces a general method for obtaining a quantitative formulation of the dependency between agglomeration rate and process conditions.
ADVANCED POWDER TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ri Zhang, Shasha Zhang, Mengyan Ding
Summary: A thin liquid film method is proposed to evaluate sand erosion in annular flow. This method considers the direct interaction between the liquid film and gas core, as well as the entrainment and deposition of droplets. The erosion rate is calculated by considering the effects of liquid entrainment and particle velocity decay. The method is fully verified by comparing with experimental data.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yu Suo, Xianheng Su, Wenyuan He, Xiaofei Fu, Zhejun Pan
Summary: This research investigates the mechanical properties of sandstone-shale composite through orthogonal experimental method and discrete element simulation. The results show that different lithologies and thickness ratios can affect the strength and fracture mode of the composite rock samples.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Maurizio Troiano, Andrea El Hassanin, Roberto Solimene, Alessia Teresa Silvestri, Fabrizio Scala, Antonino Squillace, Piero Salatino
Summary: This study investigates the potential of Fluidized Bed Finishing (FBF) for square flat AlSi10Mg specimens manufactured via Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing technology. The results show that good finishing can be achieved using rotation-assisted tests, with a maximum reduction of surface roughness by 67%. Steel particles are found to be the most effective bed material.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Ningbo Song, Wanzhong Yin, Jin Yao
Summary: Seawater's dissolved salts and minerals have various effects on the flotation process, including influencing the characteristics and behavior of flotation factors, as well as affecting the surface of sulfide minerals. In most cases, seawater has adverse effects on the flotation of sulfide minerals, but these effects can be mitigated by adjusting the reagents.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kaiqiao Wu, Shuxian Jiang, Victor Francia, Marc-Olivier Coppens
Summary: In rectangular and cylindrical annular fluidized beds, pulsating gas flow can create regular bubble patterns, overcoming challenges seen in conventional units. This study provides new opportunities for modularization of fluidized bed operations.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Shuo Li, Huili Zhang, Jan Baeyens, Miao Yang, Zehao Li, Yimin Deng
Summary: The paper assesses the behavior of cohesive Geldart C-type particles when fluidized by air with the aid of vibration. It determines that mechanical vibration is a simple and effective method to improve the fluidity of cohesive particles during fluidization.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhenfei Feng, Qingyuan Zhang, Shanpan Liang, Zhenzhou Li, Fangwen Guo, Jinxin Zhang, Ding Yuan
Summary: A new micro/mini-channel heat sink (MCHS) with a combined structure of longitudinal and transverse vortex generators is designed, using Al2O3 nanofluid as the working medium. The study explores the effects of transverse vortex generator shape and longitudinal vortex generator angle on the hydraulic and thermal characteristics, comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency. The results show that the triangular transverse vortex generator improves the comprehensive performance and exergy efficiency. Combined with the longitudinal vortex generator, the MCHS achieves the best comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency when the Reynolds number is 742.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kostas Giannis, Christoph Thon, Guoqing Yang, Arno Kwade, Carsten Schilde
Summary: This study presents a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) methodology for generating realistic 3D models of particles. The method trains on 2D projections of particle images to predict their 3D shapes, and evaluates the accuracy of the predictions using Fourier shape descriptors (FSDs). This methodology has wide applications in particle shape analysis.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zheng-qing Zhou, Lu-jia Chai, Yu-long Zhang, Ya-bin Wang, Ze-chen Du, Tian-yi Wang, Yu-zhe Liu
Summary: The dynamic oxidation and shell-breaking processes of aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) during heating were studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the changes in shell thickness can be divided into three stages, and the active aluminum content of ANP decreased before shell-breaking.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Fulei Chen, Huaqing Ma, Zihan Liu, Lianyong Zhou, Yongzhi Zhao
Summary: A particle breakage model based on the particle replacement scheme, using the polyhedral model to describe particles, is proposed in this work to accurately describe the breakage of a large number of particles. Additionally, a fast-cutting algorithm is proposed to reproduce the size distribution of progeny particles determined by the breakage model. The validation and simulation results show satisfactory accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the algorithm.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Matteo Errigo, Christopher Windows-Yule, Massimiliano Materazzi, Dominik Werner, Paola Lettieri
Summary: Gas-solid fluidized-bed systems have advantages in terms of chemical reaction efficiency and temperature control, making them widely used in industrial applications. However, the design, scale-up, and optimization of these complex units are limited by the lack of deep physical understanding. Non-invasive and non-intrusive diagnostic techniques provide a way for researchers to study these systems without affecting the flow field or directly contacting the medium under study.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Saeed Fateh, Mohammad Behshad Shafii, Mohammad Najafi, Cyrus Aghanajafi
Summary: Applying a magnetic field to ferrofluids alters their flow characteristics and enhances heat transfer. Through visualization and quantitative investigation, it is found that the magnetic field influences the flow patterns and velocity profiles, improving fluid mixing and vorticity magnitude.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lei Gao, Bingbing Wei, Xiaochuan Hu, Zaifeng Yao, Yiwen Fang, Xuejian Gao
Summary: In this study, a numerical model of sand triaxial test was established using discrete element software PFC3D, and an indoor triaxial test was conducted to calibrate the numerical model. The influence of microscopic parameters on the macroscopic mechanical response of sand was analyzed. The results showed that the friction coefficient had the greatest impact on the peak strength and residual strength of the sand's stress-strain curve, and it was positively correlated. The normal tangential stiffness ratio was negatively correlated, while the porosity and boundary flexibility stiffness had minimal influence on it.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Xuan Liu, Jie Gong, Kai Jiang, Xiaojuan Lai, Yu Tian, Kang Zhang
Summary: This study aimed to improve the performance of lignite coal water slurries (CWSs) by synthesizing a series of three-arm amphiphilic block copolymers. By controlling the relative molecular weight, hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio, and ionic group content, the apparent viscosity of CWSs was significantly reduced and the static stability was improved. Thermogravimetric testing and XPS analysis were conducted to reveal the mechanism behind the improved performance.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lanka Dinushke Weerasiri, Daniel Fabijanic, Subrat Das
Summary: Fluidization at low pressure offers significant benefits for the fine chemical industry. This study investigates the behavior of bubbles and bed expansion under low pressure conditions. It is found that lower pressure leads to larger bubbles, increased bubble quantity, and higher aspect ratio. The predictability is affected by the inhomogeneous fluidization, but low pressure fluidization can generate similar bubble sizes with lower fluidizing mass compared to atmospheric pressure.