The cold sintering process: A review on processing features, densification mechanisms and perspectives

Since its first introduction in 2016, cold sintering process (CSP) has gained worldwide interest from the scientific community as green and innovative fabrication route due to the dramatic reduction of processing time, energy, and costs. Cold sintering resembles the geological formation of rocks where a ceramic powder is densified with the aid of a liquid phase under an intense external pressure and limited heating conditions (below 350 degrees C). Up to date, tens of different materials, including composites, have been successfully processed through CSP and extraordinary results in terms of densification, microstructure and final properties have been achieved. In the present review, processing features and variables, possible densification mechanisms and issues also for the realization of ceramic-based composites are explored. Advantages with respect to existing techniques are analysed and current challenges are described to lay the ground for new processing opportunities to be faced in the near future.

Automated summary

Cold sintering process (CSP) has gained global attention for its environmentally friendly and innovative fabrication route, reducing processing time, energy, and costs significantly. The process densifies ceramic powder with the aid of a liquid phase under intense pressure and limited heating conditions, achieving extraordinary results. The review explores processing features, possible densification mechanisms, and challenges, paving the way for new processing opportunities in the future.