Journal
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
Volume 62, Issue 31, Pages 8793-8811Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1934813
Keywords
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; diet; immune response; oxidative stress; tryptophan metabolism
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31201416]
- Science and Technology Research Program of Guangdong Province [2017A01010502]
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Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, plays crucial roles in immune homeostasis due to its complex metabolism pathways and metabolites regulating immune response. Abnormal TRP metabolism in immune-related diseases can be regulated by diet, offering a treatment opportunity for these diseases.
Tryptophan (TRP), as an essential amino acid, plays crucial roles in maintaining immune homeostasis due to its complex metabolism pathway, including the microbial metabolism, 5-hydroxytryptamine and kynurenine pathways (KP). Metabolites from these pathways can act antioxidant and endogenous ligand of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (including microbiota metabolites: indole, indole aldehyde, indole acetic acid, indole acrylic acid, indole lactate, indole pyruvate acid, indole propionic acid, skatole, tryptamine, and indoxyl sulfate; and KP metabolites: kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid) for regulating immune response. In immune-related diseases, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine activates indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, a rate-limiting enzyme of KP, leading to abnormal TRP metabolism in vivo. Many recent studies found that TRP metabolism could be regulated by diet, and the diet regulation on TRP metabolism could therapy related diseases. Accordingly, this review provides a critical overview of the relationships among diet, TRP metabolism and immunity with the aim to seek a treatment opportunity for immune-related diseases.
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