Continuous MYD88 Activation Is Associated With Expansion and Then Transformation of IgM Differentiating Plasma Cells

Activating mutations of MYD88 (MYD88(L265P) being the far most frequent) are found in most cases of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) as well as in various aggressive B-cell lymphoma entities with features of plasma cell (PC) differentiation, such as activated B-cell type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To understand how MYD88 activation exerts its transformation potential, we developed a new mouse model in which the MYD88(L252P) protein, the murine ortholog of human MYD88(L265P), is continuously expressed in CD19 positive B-cells together with the Yellow Fluorescent Protein (Myd88(L252P) mice). In bone marrow, IgM B and plasma cells were expanded with a CD138 expression continuum from IgM(high) CD138(low) to IgM(low) CD138(high) cells and the progressive loss of the B220 marker. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) longitudinal analysis of 40 Myd88(L252P) mice (16 to 56 weeks old) demonstrated that ageing was first associated with serum polyclonal hyper gammaglobulinemia (hyper Ig) and followed by a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) peak related to a progressive increase in IgM serum levels. All Myd88(L252P) mice exhibited spleen enlargement which was directly correlated with the SPE profile and was maximal for monoclonal Ig peaks. Myd88(L252P) mice exhibited very early increased IgM PC differentiation. Most likely due to an early increase in the Ki67 proliferation index, IgM lymphoplasmacytic (LP) and plasma cells continuously expanded with age being first associated with hyper Ig and then with monoclonal Ig peak. This peak was consistently associated with a spleen LP-like B-cell lymphoma. Clonal expression of both membrane and secreted mu chain isoforms was demonstrated at the mRNA level by high throughput sequencing. The Myd88(L252P) tumor transcriptomic signature identified both proliferation and canonical NF-kappa B p65/RelA activation. Comparison with MYD88(L265P) WM showed that Myd88(L252P) tumors also shared the typical lymphoplasmacytic transcriptomic signature of WM bone marrow purified tumor B-cells. Altogether these results demonstrate for the first time that continuous MYD88 activation is specifically associated with clonal transformation of differentiating IgM B-cells. Since MYD88(L252P) targets the IgM PC differentiation continuum, it provides an interesting preclinical model for development of new therapeutic approaches to both WM and aggressive MYD88 associated DLBCLs.

Automated summary

Activating mutations of MYD88, particularly MYD88(L265P), are commonly found in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and aggressive B-cell lymphomas. A mouse model expressing MYD88(L252P) in B-cells showed expansion of IgM B and plasma cells, leading to spleen enlargement and lymphoma, potentially offering new therapeutic targets.