Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ayad K. Khlief, Syed Ihtsham Ul Haq Gilani, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Sanan T. Mohammad
Summary: This study aimed to describe the performance of evacuated tubes (ETs) as a solar tower receiver through experimental evaluation and simulation, showcasing the potential of a hybrid system with liquid cooling for monocrystalline solar cells. Results demonstrated that the hybrid system in Case 2 outperformed Case 1 in terms of heat transfer fluid temperature, heat gain, and receiver efficiency. The use of secondary concentrators in the hybrid system led to significant improvements in receiver performance.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hossein Afzali Gorouh, Mazyar Salmanzadeh, Pouriya Nasseriyan, Abolfazl Hayati, Diogo Cabral, Joao Gomes, Bjorn Karlsson
Summary: A zero-dimensional thermal model was developed to analyze a novel low concentration CPVT collector by solving heat transfer and energy balance equations. Optical simulations of the collector were conducted using a Monte-Carlo ray-tracing software. Experimental validation and investigation of factors affecting collector performance were carried out.
Article
Thermodynamics
Abid Ustaoglu, Volkan Akgul, Junnosuke Okajima
Summary: The electric conversion efficiency of a conventional photovoltaic cell in the market is around 13-22%. The remaining part is converted into heat. In this study, a comparative performance analysis was carried out among non-imaging concentrating photovoltaic thermal systems with various truncation levels of the reflector to attain uniform illumination and better electrical and thermal energy conversion performance. The results show that truncation reduces the photovoltaic cell temperature and provides more uniform temperature distribution. Compound Hyperbolic Photovoltaic Thermal system has the highest power generation per unit reflector area for all truncation levels and incidence angles.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahdi Deymi-Dashtebayaz, Mojtaba Rezapour
Summary: Concentrator photovoltaic thermal system with Al2O3 nanofluid flow in porous channel under transient heat flux was analyzed in this study using finite element method. The numerical results showed good agreement with experimental data, with efficiency of the photovoltaic cell and first law efficiency increasing with Reynolds number, while second law efficiency decreasing.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Oussama Rejeb, Samson Shittu, Guiqiang Li, Chaouki Ghenai, Xudong Zhao, Christophe Menezo, Abdelmajid Jemni, Mohamed Hedi Jomaa, Maamar Bettayeb
Summary: The study compared the performance of a traditional CPVT solar system with and without the addition of thermoelectric generator modules (TEG) using numerical simulations. The results showed that the CPVT system integrated with TEG showed improvements in electrical power generation during both summer and winter days, while reducing the thermal power output. Overall, integrating thermoelectric generator modules into the CPVT system showed better energy utilization in terms of both electricity and heat.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
B. Anand, R. Shankar, S. Murugavelh, W. Rivera, K. Midhun Prasad, R. Nagarajan
Summary: This study reviews the integration of photovoltaic thermal collectors with desalination technologies, focusing on utilizing electricity and heat from the collector to reduce costs, primary energy consumption, and improve system performance. Future opportunities for improvement and exploration of photovoltaic thermal-driven desalination systems are discussed, along with the potential of using the collectors as energy sources for other desalination technologies. Comparative analysis shows that the overall performance of photovoltaic thermal coupled desalination systems is better than systems coupled with separate photovoltaic panels or solar thermal collectors.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yan Su, Pengxiang Sui, Jane H. Davidson
Summary: In this study, the nanofluid cooling of a concentrated photovoltaic thermal receiver was simulated using a sub-continuous lattice Boltzmann model, and it was found that the effective thermal conductivity and effective viscosity were nonlinearly related to the nanoparticle concentration and size. The cooling efficiencies of Al2O3-water nanofluid were compared with those of pure water under different solar irradiance, and the flow and temperature fields were simulated for nanofluids with various parameters. The maximum enhancement ratio of 1.14 was achieved, providing a practical tool for optimizing nanofluid cooling in CPVT solar receivers.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Karolina Papis-Fraczek, Krzysztof Sornek
Summary: This research paper provides an extensive discussion on devices dedicated to active-cooling Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal (CPVT) systems, presenting the latest solutions. It classifies the available solutions based on the scale of internal channels and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The paper also provides recommendations for CPVT cooling devices.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Juan Pablo Santana, Carlos I. I. Rivera-Solorio, Jia Wei Chew, Yong Zen Tan, Miguel Gijon-Rivera, Ivan Acosta-Pazmino
Summary: Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of a solar water desalination system using a hybrid CPVT collector and a VMD process. The CPVT collector with a triangular receiver and PV cells facing the reflecting surface was found to be advantageous in generating more electricity with less surface area. The optimal surface area of collectors and input temperature of the VDM module were determined through parametric analysis.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Nabil Elminshawy, Ahmed Elminshawy, Amr Osama, M. Bassyouni, Muslum Arici
Summary: The rise in operating temperature of solar photovoltaic concentrator (C-PV) system modules is a key issue in their intensive utilization. A novel active cooling system with nanofluids is found to effectively cool the C-PV module, improving electrical and thermal efficiencies.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xinyue Han, Yaya Lv
Summary: The study proposes the use of vapor chamber cooling to improve the performance of a CPV system, with optimal vapor space thickness and vapor chamber width identified to lower CPV cell temperature and enhance electrical performance of the system.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
William J. Cameron, Mussad M. Alzahrani, James Yule, Katie Shanks, K. S. Reddy, Tapas K. Mallick
Summary: High concentration photovoltaic thermal hybrids are important for meeting energy demands, and a cooling system is necessary for optimal performance. This study develops a simulation model for a concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid system with serpentine-based cooling. The model has been validated through indoor experimentation and the effectiveness of cooling is evaluated based on thermal stresses. The double serpentine design and copper heat sink material demonstrated the highest performance and the recommended operating temperature was maintained.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammad Alnajideen, Min Gao
Summary: A new configuration of V-trough solar concentrator, consisting of two conventional V-trough concentrators arranged in a cross, has been proposed to improve concentration ratio and angular response. Experimental results show a 40%-60% increase in concentration ratio compared to the conventional V-trough solar concentrator, with no significant reduction in optical efficiency and light uniformity. It has potential for low-cost and low concentration applications.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Sridhar Sripadmanabhan Indira, Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam, Kulasekharan Narasingamurthi, Ramsundar Sivasubramanian, Kok-Keong Chong, R. Saidur
Summary: This article discusses the electrical and thermal performance of a hybrid CPV/T-STEG system, comparing it to a prior system and analyzing the effects of various factors. The results show significant improvements in output for the developed hybrid system. The article also explores the exergy efficiency and its relationship with different factors.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hamza Riaz, Muzaffar Ali, Javed Akhter, Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh, Muhammad Rashid, Muhammad Usman
Summary: An involute-shaped solar compound parabolic collector (CPC) with a variable concentration ratio along its length was developed and analyzed in terms of its optical and thermal performance. The results showed that the collector installed in the east-west (E-W) direction had better optical and thermal performance compared to the north-south (N-S) orientation.
Article
Thermodynamics
Preeti Singh, Sourav Khanna, Vijay Mudgal, Sanjeev Newar, Vashi Sharma, Senthilarasu Sundaram, K. S. Reddy, Tapas K. Mallick, Victor Becerra, David Hutchinson, Jovana Radulovic, Rinat Khusainov
Summary: In this study, three dimensional analysis of solar cells under non-uniform solar flux was conducted, aiming to obtain an analytical expression for the three dimensional non-uniform temperature distribution of the cell. The effects of wind direction, wind speed, inclination, and solar irradiance on temperature distribution, heat losses and cell efficiency were investigated for different types of solar cells. The results showed that efficiency decreases with an increase in wind azimuthal from 0 degrees to 90 degrees for all types of solar cells.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Asmaa Ahmed, Gan Zhang, Katie Shanks, Senthilarasu Sundaram, Yulong Ding, Tapas Mallick
Summary: This study investigates the performance of multi-junction solar cells in high concentrated photovoltaic systems with mini-channel heat sinks, finding that the use of nanofluids helps reduce cell temperature and increase overall efficiency of the system.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Maria Khalid, Katie Shanks, Aritra Ghosh, Asif Tahir, Senthilarasu Sundaram, Tapas Kumar Mallick
Summary: This study investigates two different methods, using Argon gas and polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films, to regulate the operating temperature of solar cells and improve power output. The PDLC integrated module shows a unique temperature effect, reducing short circuit current at higher temperatures, contributing to the optimization of photovoltaic system efficiency and performance.
Article
Optics
Timothy Pickering, Katie Shanks, Senthil Sundaram
Summary: Research shows that bio-inspired anti-reflective coatings with porous graded refractive index structures can significantly reduce light reflectance at optical interfaces, with potential applications for thin-film cells. The most optimal coating shape is paraboloid with 300 nm height and 15% spacing. This coating effectively reduces reflectance in a certain wavelength range and increases daily energy output.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qiyuan Li, Yuting Zhuo, Katie Shanks, Robert A. Taylor, Brendan Conneely, Angelina Tan, Yansong Shen, Jason Scott
Summary: A unique solar concentrator design was developed for renewable production of 5HMF, showing increased efficiency and high yield in experiments. A computational model was also developed to explore a wider range of operating conditions and reactor design parameters.
Article
Thermodynamics
Yusuf N. Chanchangi, Anurag Roy, Aritra Ghosh, Senthilarasu Sundaram, Tapas K. Mallick
Summary: The study compared five cost-effective mitigation techniques for soiling on PV systems in Nigeria, finding that different cleaning methods and materials have varying impacts on PV performance in different seasons. Low iron glass proved more durable, with the self-cleaning technique showing the best results during the wet season.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Wei Zhang, Jianhui Li, Lingzhi Xie, Xia Hao, Tapas Mallick, Yupeng Wu, Hasan Baig, Katie Shanks, Yanyi Sun, Xiaoyu Yan, Hao Tian, Zihao Li
Summary: The innovative 3D concentrating photovoltaic technology can be integrated into buildings as windows, improving the efficiency of PV cells and maintaining daylighting performance. Lab tests showed that the 3D CPVD modules could increase maximum power by 2.89 times compared to bare cells. Simulation and experimental research comprehensively analyzed the outdoor performance of the 3D CPVD windows. 3D CPVD windows with a transmittance of 9.47% provide brighter and more uniform interior daylighting. Life cycle assessment demonstrated the energy-saving and application potential of 3D CPVD windows.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yu Han, Yan Yang, Tapas Mallick, Chuang Wen
Summary: This study proposes the use of phase change materials (PCM) as thermal energy storage units to enhance the stability and flexibility of solar-energy-based heating and cooling systems. A mathematical model is developed to evaluate the melting process of PCM, taking into consideration the effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer. The results show that natural convection plays a dominant role in the flow behavior of PCM melting, and the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles improves PCM melting performance but higher thermal conductivity does not contribute significantly to the melting performance of PCMs.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Mustafa Majid Rashak Al-Fartoos, Anurag Roy, Tapas K. K. Mallick, Asif Ali Tahir
Summary: This article discusses the use of thermoelectric glazing as a sustainable material to improve thermal performance and generate green electricity. It provides detailed instructions and potential solutions for building and optimizing this system. The thermoelectric figure of merit of these materials offers new perspectives for future energy-positive built environments and plays a crucial role in addressing the energy crisis.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Sreeram Valsalakumar, Anurag Roy, Tapas K. Mallick, Justin Hinshelwood, Senthilarasu Sundaram
Summary: The power conversion efficiencies of Perovskite solar cells have significantly improved between 2012 and 2022. These solar cells have excellent optoelectronic properties and can be manufactured using low-cost materials. This review article explores scalable perovskite deposition techniques, including the fabrication of high-quality perovskite film, their stabilities, and commercialization status. Various deposition techniques, such as spin coating and slot die coating, as well as vapour-assisted deposition approaches, are discussed. These techniques offer advantages in terms of cost, mask-less patterning, and design freedom.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Maria Khalid, Tapas Kumar Mallick
Summary: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great potential as the next generation of PV devices due to their rapidly increasing power conversion efficiencies. However, their long-term stability is a critical issue that needs to be addressed before commercialization. This review discusses the evolution of solar cells, the characteristics of perovskite, strategies to improve performance, and the relationship between stability and environmental conditions. Additionally, the review explores the idea of implementing PSCs with concentrated PV applications for higher efficiency and competitiveness.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mahdi Motamedi, Guobin Jia, Yin Yao, Katie Shanks, Peyman Yousefi, Yasitha L. Hewakuruppu, Mehdi Rafeie, Florian Lindner, Robert Patterson, Silke Christiansen, Jonathan Plentz, Pramod Koshy, Robert A. Taylor
Summary: The study proposes a nano-patterned ITO-coated quartz material with low reflectivity and low emissivity to reduce thermal emission losses in solar thermal applications. The results show that this nano-pattern can improve solar transmission and overall efficiency at different solar concentrations, providing a performance boost for solar thermal technologies.
Proceedings Paper
Optics
Katie Shanks, Richard Ffrench-Constant
Summary: Research shows that mimicking the nanostructures of butterflies can improve the absorption efficiency of solar cells. The Glasswing butterfly, with its minimal glare effect, has potential benefits for both existing and emerging photovoltaic technologies. By utilizing scanning electron microscope images, spectrophotometry, and measurements of the external quantum efficiency signal, the optical properties of the Glasswing butterfly's nanostructures have been characterized.
LIGHT IN NATURE IX
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Energy & Fuels
Asmaa Ahmed, Mussad Alzahrani, Katie Shanks, Senthilarasu Sundaram, Tapas K. Mallick
Summary: This study focuses on investigating the indoor thermal and electrical performance of silicon on glass Fresnel lens as a preliminary step for designing an ultra-high concentrator photovoltaic (UHCPV) system. The maximum temperature at the focal point and the multi-junction solar cell after concentrating the solar irradiance are examined. The study also compares the two methods, thermocouples and infrared thermal camera, for measuring the temperature distribution. Furthermore, the electrical performance of the system under different scenarios is studied.
17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS (CPV-17)
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Anurag Roy, Puja Ghosh, Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi, Senthilarasu Sundaram, Tapas K. Mallick
Summary: Natural source derived carbon materials are ideal alternatives to costly Pt counter electrodes due to their good catalytic activity, resistance to iodine corrosion, and high device stability. BaSnO3 (BSO) has been proposed as an efficient alternative to the well-known photoanode TiO2. This study focuses on establishing BSO-carbon-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) devices, showing better photo-stability and extended device performance compared to TiO2-Pt-based DSSCs through the use of natural source derived carbon-based counter electrodes.
MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
M. Genovese, F. Piraino, P. Fragiacomo
Summary: This research proposes the concept of a hydrogen valley in southern Italy, where hydrogen is produced centrally and delivered via fuel cell hybrid trains to refueling stations, providing transportation services. The analysis from both technical and economic perspectives shows that the cost of hydrogen and energy efficiency reached competitive levels, and hydrogen rail transport offers significant benefits in terms of emissions reduction and economic gains compared to conventional diesel trains and fully electric trains.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Miaomiao Liu, Payam Nejat, Pinlu Cao, Carlos Jimenez-Bescos, John Kaiser Calautit
Summary: This article provides a critical review of the performance of windcatchers, pointing out the current research gaps and issues, and proposing directions for further investigation and market prospects.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Solomon Boadu, Ebenezer Otoo
Summary: Despite Africa's vast energy resources, including wind energy, the continent faces challenges in developing its wind energy industry. Northern African countries and South Africa currently dominate the wind energy sector in Africa. To uplift Africa's socio-economic status, strong political will, supportive policies, and institutional frameworks are needed to drive the development of wind energy and overcome existing challenges.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
E. K. Grubbs, S. M. Gruss, V. Z. Schull, M. J. Gosney, M. V. Mickelbart, S. Brouder, M. W. Gitau, P. Bermel, M. R. Tuinstra, R. Agrawal
Summary: As the global population grows, the demand for food, energy, and water will increase significantly. However, limited land availability and competition for solar resources pose challenges to resource generation technologies. In the United States, both agriculture and solar energy production have adopted densification schemes to improve yields and energy output per unit of land. This research proposes an Agrivoltaic food and energy coproduction architecture that optimizes power generation while maintaining crop productivity by implementing ideal anti-tracking during critical growth periods. This technology offers a viable pathway for widespread solar implementation throughout the contiguous United States.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Han Shao, Rui Henriques, Hugo Morais, Elisabetta Tedeschi
Summary: The integration of offshore wind energy into the electric grid provides opportunities in terms of environmental sustainability and cost efficiency, but poses challenges to power quality. This survey offers a deeper understanding of disturbance detection and classification tools, exploring root causes, disturbance locations, and algorithmic solutions. It highlights synchronized waveform measurement and discusses evaluation metrics for detection and classification algorithms. Additionally, a novel system-wide monitoring framework is proposed.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Eleni Davidson, Yair Schwartz, Joe Williams, Dejan Mumovic
Summary: A continued upward trend in global greenhouse gas emissions poses risks to global infrastructure and built assets. Maintaining high indoor environmental quality standards is a challenge for higher education institutions under future climates. Passive cooling mechanisms may be insufficient to tolerate predicted temperature increases. Different building typologies have varying energy demand projections.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Kexin Pang, Jian Zhou, Stamatis Tsianikas, David W. Coit, Yizhong Ma
Summary: This study proposes a new framework for long-term microgrid expansion planning, using deep reinforcement learning method to consider various uncertainties and constraints. The framework aims to enhance the effectiveness of microgrid expansion planning from the perspectives of economy, resilience, and greenhouse gas emission reduction.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jun Zhao, Kangyin Dong, Xiucheng Dong
Summary: The continuous growth of global electricity penetration has provided modern energy for alleviating energy poverty, but its impact on carbon neutrality has been overlooked. The research reveals that clean electricity from traditional fossil energy and renewable energy has a positive influence on the greenhouse effect. Eradicating energy poverty can effectively alleviate the greenhouse effect, especially in non-Belt and Road Initiative (B&RI) nations.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hossein Shahbeik, Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Mona Dehhaghi, Gilles J. Guillemin, Alireza Fallahi, Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Hamid Amiri, Mohammad Rehan, Deepak Raikwar, Hannes Latine, Bruno Pandalone, Benyamin Khoshnevisan, Christian Sonne, Luigi Vaccaro, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Su Shiung Lam, Junting Pan, Rafael Luque, Bert Sels, Wanxi Peng, Meisam Tabatabaei, Mortaza Aghbashlo
Summary: This review explores the production of biocrude oil from biomass feedstocks through the process of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). It discusses the impact of process parameters on the quality, quantity, cost, and environmental impacts of biofuels. The review also highlights the challenges and prospects for the future development of biocrude oil.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Mehdi Neshat, Georgios Sylaios, Davide Astiaso Garcia
Summary: Digital twins promise innovation for the marine renewable energy sector by using modern technological advances and the existing maritime knowledge frameworks. This research presents critical aspects of digital twin implementation challenges in marine energy digitalization approaches that use and combine data systems.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yeganeh Sharifian, Hamdi Abdi
Summary: This paper discusses the background and objectives of the multi-area economic dispatch problem, as well as various techniques and methods applied in this field. It also covers comprehensive formulations of the problem and important issues in the field of probabilistic MAED, along with some related concepts and suggestions.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
J. G. B. Churchill, V. B. Borugadda, A. K. Dalai
Summary: The increasing global energy demand and the need to reduce fossil fuel reliance have created a demand for renewable and sustainable fuel sources. This review explores the potential of tall oil, a by-product of the pulping industry, as a feedstock for biofuels. The review provides an overview of tall oil production, purification, and treatment, and investigates recent trends and barriers towards tall oil-derived biofuels.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
David C. Broadstock, Xiangnan Wang
Summary: This study provides a general review of research on district cooling, identifying key topics and themes and highlighting potential research priorities for future studies.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
L. Scharnhorst, D. Sloot, N. Lehmann, A. Ardone, W. Fichtner
Summary: This study investigates and analyzes the barriers to demand response in industrial and commercial sectors, highlighting their significance. Concerns about diminished product quality, disruptions to production processes, human resource management, and revenue uncertainty are identified as the most frequently cited barriers. Overcoming these barriers requires bridging knowledge gaps, allocating sufficient resources, and adapting external incentives and policies.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Tong Feng, Yuechi Sun, Yating Shi, Jie Ma, Chunmei Feng, Zhenni Chen
Summary: Air pollution is a significant global challenge, and policymakers have implemented policies to reduce it. Evaluating the effectiveness of these policies is critical, and our study reveals trends and gaps in air pollution policy research. We found that research has shifted from focusing solely on air pollutants to including methodologies, policies, and health implications. China has emerged as a major contributor in this field of research.
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
(2024)