Direct cell reprogramming: approaches, mechanisms and progress

Human cardiac organoids for the modelling of myocardial infarction and drug cardiotoxicity

(2020) Dylan J. Richards et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

The Dynamics of Transcriptional Activation by Hepatic Reprogramming Factors

(2020) Kenichi Horisawa et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Reversing a model of Parkinson’s disease with in situ converted nigral neurons

(2020) Hao Qian et al.   NATURE

Challenges in unsupervised clustering of single-cell RNA-seq data

(2019) Vladimir Yu Kiselev et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Global DNA methylation remodeling during direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to neurons

(2019) Chongyuan Luo et al.   eLife

The novel lncRNA lnc-NR2F1 is pro-neurogenic and mutated in human neurodevelopmental disorders

(2019) Cheen Euong Ang et al.   eLife

Region-Restrict Astrocytes Exhibit Heterogeneous Susceptibility to Neuronal Reprogramming

(2019) Xin Hu et al.   Stem Cell Reports

Concise Review: Update on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Transplantation for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

(2019) Marco Zarbin et al.   Stem Cells Translational Medicine

Integrative single-cell analysis

(2019) Tim Stuart et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Cardiac Reprogramming Factors Synergistically Activate Genome-wide Cardiogenic Stage-Specific Enhancers

(2019) Hisayuki Hashimoto et al.   Cell Stem Cell

A comparison of single-cell trajectory inference methods

(2019) Wouter Saelens et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Deep learning: new computational modelling techniques for genomics

(2019) Gökcen Eraslan et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Stem Cells in the Treatment of Disease

(2019) Helen M. Blau et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts

(2019) Nadav Noor et al.   Advanced Science

Single-Cell Multi-omic Integration Compares and Contrasts Features of Brain Cell Identity

(2019) Joshua D. Welch et al.   CELL

Context-Specific Transcription Factor Functions Regulate Epigenomic and Transcriptional Dynamics during Cardiac Reprogramming

(2019) Nicole R. Stone et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Cell Fate Transitions during Human Cardiac Reprogramming

(2019) Yang Zhou et al.   Cell Stem Cell

methyl-ATAC-seq measures DNA methylation at accessible chromatin

(2019) Roman Spektor et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Massively parallel single-cell chromatin landscapes of human immune cell development and intratumoral T cell exhaustion

(2019) Ansuman T. Satpathy et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Simultaneous profiling of 3D genome structure and DNA methylation in single human cells

(2019) Dong-Sung Lee et al.   NATURE METHODS

Joint profiling of DNA methylation and chromatin architecture in single cells

(2019) Guoqiang Li et al.   NATURE METHODS

CoBATCH for High-Throughput Single-Cell Epigenomic Profiling

(2019) Qianhao Wang et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

An ultra high-throughput method for single-cell joint analysis of open chromatin and transcriptome

(2019) Chenxu Zhu et al.   NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Regulation of Cell Cycle to Stimulate Adult Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Cardiac Regeneration

(2018) Tamer M.A. Mohamed et al.   CELL

Integrated Single-Cell Analysis Maps the Continuous Regulatory Landscape of Human Hematopoietic Differentiation

(2018) Jason D. Buenrostro et al.   CELL

Direct In Vivo Reprogramming with Sendai Virus Vectors Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction

(2018) Kazutaka Miyamoto et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Esrrb Unlocks Silenced Enhancers for Reprogramming to Naive Pluripotency

(2018) Kenjiro Adachi et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Endogenous Reprogramming of Alpha Cells into Beta Cells, Induced by Viral Gene Therapy, Reverses Autoimmune Diabetes

(2018) Xiangwei Xiao et al.   Cell Stem Cell

MicroRNAs Overcome Cell Fate Barrier by Reducing EZH2-Controlled REST Stability during Neuronal Conversion of Human Adult Fibroblasts

(2018) Seong Won Lee et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

Single-Cell DNA Methylation Profiling: Technologies and Biological Applications

(2018) Ino D. Karemaker et al.   TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Global H3.3 dynamic deposition defines its bimodal role in cell fate transition

(2018) Hai-Tong Fang et al.   Nature Communications

Three-dimensional brain-like microenvironments facilitate the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into therapeutic neurons

(2018) Yoonhee Jin et al.   Nature Biomedical Engineering

A Single-Cell Atlas of In Vivo Mammalian Chromatin Accessibility

(2018) Darren A. Cusanovich et al.   CELL

Restoration of vision after de novo genesis of rod photoreceptors in mammalian retinas

(2018) Kai Yao et al.   NATURE

RNA velocity of single cells

(2018) Gioele La Manno et al.   NATURE

Joint profiling of chromatin accessibility and gene expression in thousands of single cells

(2018) Junyue Cao et al.   SCIENCE

CRISPR Activation Screens Systematically Identify Factors that Drive Neuronal Fate and Reprogramming

(2018) Yanxia Liu et al.   Cell Stem Cell

KMT2B Is Selectively Required for Neuronal Transdifferentiation, and Its Loss Exposes Dystonia Candidate Genes

(2018) Giulia Barbagiovanni et al.   Cell Reports

Efficient in vivo direct conversion of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes using a nanoparticle-based gene carrier

(2018) Yujung Chang et al.   BIOMATERIALS

ZNF281 enhances cardiac reprogramming by modulating cardiac and inflammatory gene expression

(2017) Huanyu Zhou et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Genomic and Proteomic Resolution of Heterochromatin and Its Restriction of Alternate Fate Genes

(2017) Justin S. Becker et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Stimulation of functional neuronal regeneration from Müller glia in adult mice

(2017) Nikolas L. Jorstad et al.   NATURE

The Human Cell Atlas: from vision to reality

(2017) Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen et al.   NATURE

Single-cell transcriptomics reconstructs fate conversion from fibroblast to cardiomyocyte

(2017) Ziqing Liu et al.   NATURE

Hippo pathway deficiency reverses systolic heart failure after infarction

(2017) John P. Leach et al.   NATURE

Cell-cycle dynamics of chromosomal organization at single-cell resolution

(2017) Takashi Nagano et al.   NATURE

Massively multiplex single-cell Hi-C

(2017) Vijay Ramani et al.   NATURE METHODS

Accounting for technical noise in differential expression analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data

(2017) Cheng Jia et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Mechanisms of transcription factor-mediated direct reprogramming of mouse embryonic stem cells to trophoblast stem-like cells

(2017) Catherine Rhee et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Massively parallel digital transcriptional profiling of single cells

(2017) Grace X. Y. Zheng et al.   Nature Communications

Comparative Gene Expression Analyses Reveal Distinct Molecular Signatures between Differentially Reprogrammed Cardiomyocytes

(2017) Yang Zhou et al.   Cell Reports

Rapid Chromatin Switch in the Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts to Neurons

(2017) Orly L. Wapinski et al.   Cell Reports

Direct Reprogramming Rather than iPSC-Based Reprogramming Maintains Aging Hallmarks in Human Motor Neurons

(2017) Yu Tang et al.   Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation

(2016) Deepak Srivastava et al.   CELL

Bmi1 Is a Key Epigenetic Barrier to Direct Cardiac Reprogramming

(2016) Yang Zhou et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Direct Reprogramming of Hepatic Myofibroblasts into Hepatocytes In Vivo Attenuates Liver Fibrosis

(2016) Guangqi Song et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Identification and Successful Negotiation of a Metabolic Checkpoint in Direct Neuronal Reprogramming

(2016) Sergio Gascón et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Chemical conversion of mouse fibroblasts into functional dopaminergic neurons

(2016) Yonghui Wang et al.   EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH

LncPRESS1 Is a p53-Regulated LncRNA that Safeguards Pluripotency by Disrupting SIRT6-Mediated De-acetylation of Histone H3K56

(2016) Abhinav K. Jain et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Dissecting direct reprogramming from fibroblast to neuron using single-cell RNA-seq

(2016) Barbara Treutlein et al.   NATURE

Influence of donor age on induced pluripotent stem cells

(2016) Valentina Lo Sardo et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A predictive computational framework for direct reprogramming between human cell types

(2016) Owen J L Rackham et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Single-cell multimodal profiling reveals cellular epigenetic heterogeneity

(2016) Lih Feng Cheow et al.   NATURE METHODS

Molecular features of cellular reprogramming and development

(2016) Zachary D. Smith et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

A decade of transcription factor-mediated reprogramming to pluripotency

(2016) Kazutoshi Takahashi et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

In Vivo Reprogramming for CNS Repair: Regenerating Neurons from Endogenous Glial Cells

(2016) Hedong Li et al.   NEURON

Conversion of human fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by small molecules

(2016) Nan Cao et al.   SCIENCE

Re-patterning of H3K27me3, H3K4me3 and DNA methylation during fibroblast conversion into induced cardiomyocytes

(2016) Ziqing Liu et al.   Stem Cell Research

H3K9me3-Dependent Heterochromatin: Barrier to Cell Fate Changes

(2016) Justin S. Becker et al.   TRENDS IN GENETICS

Reprogramming mouse fibroblasts into engraftable myeloerythroid and lymphoid progenitors

(2016) Hui Cheng et al.   Nature Communications

Tissue-engineered 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironment enhances the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes by microRNAs

(2016) Yanzhen Li et al.   Scientific Reports

Selenium Augments microRNA Directed Reprogramming of Fibroblasts to Cardiomyocytes via Nanog

(2016) Xiaowen Wang et al.   Scientific Reports

Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation

(2016) Xinde Zheng et al.   eLife

Dynamic Changes in Occupancy of Histone Variant H2A.Z during Induced Somatic Cell Reprogramming

(2016) Fulu Dong et al.   Stem Cells International

Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery

(2016) Jianyu Li et al.   Nature Reviews Materials

Conversion of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells using small molecule treatments

(2015) Gyuman Park et al.   BIOMATERIALS

Pioneer Transcription Factors Target Partial DNA Motifs on Nucleosomes to Initiate Reprogramming

(2015) Abdenour Soufi et al.   CELL

Highly Parallel Genome-wide Expression Profiling of Individual Cells Using Nanoliter Droplets

(2015) Evan Z. Macosko et al.   CELL

Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes with chemical cocktails

(2015) Yanbin Fu et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Direct Lineage Reprogramming: Strategies, Mechanisms, and Applications

(2015) Jun Xu et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Rapid Conversion of Fibroblasts into Functional Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons by Direct Genetic Reprogramming

(2015) Gaia Colasante et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Small Molecules Efficiently Reprogram Human Astroglial Cells into Functional Neurons

(2015) Lei Zhang et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Small-Molecule-Driven Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Functional Neurons

(2015) Xiang Li et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Cardiomyocytes for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine

(2015) Ji-Dong Fu et al.   CIRCULATION JOURNAL

Defining cell types and states with single-cell genomics

(2015) Cole Trapnell   GENOME RESEARCH

Highly efficient direct conversion of human fibroblasts to neuronal cells by chemical compounds

(2015) Ping Dai et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION

Ascl1 Converts Dorsal Midbrain Astrocytes into Functional Neurons In Vivo

(2015) Y. Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE

Single-cell messenger RNA sequencing reveals rare intestinal cell types

(2015) Dominic Grün et al.   NATURE

Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex

(2015) Silvana Konermann et al.   NATURE

Computational and analytical challenges in single-cell transcriptomics

(2015) Oliver Stegle et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

A Cellular Perspective on Brain Energy Metabolism and Functional Imaging

(2015) Pierre J. Magistretti et al.   NEURON

Akt1/protein kinase B enhances transcriptional reprogramming of fibroblasts to functional cardiomyocytes

(2015) Huanyu Zhou et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Combined negative effect of donor age and time in culture on the reprogramming efficiency into induced pluripotent stem cells

(2015) Ras Trokovic et al.   Stem Cell Research

Histone variants and cellular plasticity

(2015) Stephen W. Santoro et al.   TRENDS IN GENETICS

Histone Variants and Epigenetics

(2015) Steven Henikoff et al.   Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

A Systematic Approach to Identify Candidate Transcription Factors that Control Cell Identity

(2015) Ana C. D’Alessio et al.   Stem Cell Reports

Inhibitors of suppressive histone modification promote direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells

(2014) Hiroyuki Hirai et al.   CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH

CellNet: Network Biology Applied to Stem Cell Engineering

(2014) Patrick Cahan et al.   CELL

H3K4me3 Breadth Is Linked to Cell Identity and Transcriptional Consistency

(2014) Bérénice A. Benayoun et al.   CELL

The p53-induced lincRNA-p21 derails somatic cell reprogramming by sustaining H3K9me3 and CpG methylation at pluripotency gene promoters

(2014) Xichen Bao et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Direct Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts to Functional and Expandable Hepatocytes

(2014) Pengyu Huang et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Chemical approaches to cell reprogramming

(2014) Chen Yu et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT

Induction of diverse cardiac cell types by reprogramming fibroblasts with cardiac transcription factors

(2014) Y.-J. Nam et al.   DEVELOPMENT

MiR-133 promotes cardiac reprogramming by directly repressing Snai1 and silencing fibroblast signatures

(2014) N. Muraoka et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

Pioneer transcription factors in cell reprogramming

(2014) Makiko Iwafuchi-Doi et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

“Triplet” polycistronic vectors encoding Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 enhances postinfarct ventricular functional improvement compared with singlet vectors

(2014) Megumi Mathison et al.   JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY

A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas

(2014)   NATURE

Reconstructing lineage hierarchies of the distal lung epithelium using single-cell RNA-seq

(2014) Barbara Treutlein et al.   NATURE

Long-term persistence and development of induced pancreatic beta cells generated by lineage conversion of acinar cells

(2014) Weida Li et al.   NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

A latent neurogenic program in astrocytes regulated by Notch signaling in the mouse

(2014) J. P. Magnusson et al.   SCIENCE

In vivo conversion of astrocytes to neurons in the injured adult spinal cord

(2014) Zhida Su et al.   Nature Communications

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals T Helper Cells Synthesizing Steroids De Novo to Contribute to Immune Homeostasis

(2014) Bidesh Mahata et al.   Cell Reports

Generation of Induced Neuronal Cells by the Single Reprogramming Factor ASCL1

(2014) Soham Chanda et al.   Stem Cell Reports

Sox2-Mediated Conversion of NG2 Glia into Induced Neurons in the Injured Adult Cerebral Cortex

(2014) Christophe Heinrich et al.   Stem Cell Reports

A CRISPR/Cas9-Based System for Reprogramming Cell Lineage Specification

(2014) Syandan Chakraborty et al.   Stem Cell Reports

Hierarchical Mechanisms for Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts to Neurons

(2013) Orly L. Wapinski et al.   CELL

Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts to Neurons by Reprogramming PTB-Regulated MicroRNA Circuits

(2013) Yuanchao Xue et al.   CELL

Master Transcription Factors and Mediator Establish Super-Enhancers at Key Cell Identity Genes

(2013) Warren A. Whyte et al.   CELL

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Reactive Glial Cells into Functional Neurons after Brain Injury and in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model

(2013) Ziyuan Guo et al.   Cell Stem Cell

Endogenous miRNA Sponge lincRNA-RoR Regulates Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal

(2013) Yue Wang et al.   DEVELOPMENTAL CELL

Epigenomic plasticity enables human pancreatic α to β cell reprogramming

(2013) Nuria C. Bramswig et al.   JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

Direct lineage reprogramming of post-mitotic callosal neurons into corticofugal neurons in vivo

(2013) Caroline Rouaux et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

In vivo reprogramming of astrocytes to neuroblasts in the adult brain

(2013) Wenze Niu et al.   NATURE CELL BIOLOGY

In vivo reprogramming of circuit connectivity in postmitotic neocortical neurons

(2013) Andres De la Rossa et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Mechanisms and models of somatic cell reprogramming

(2013) Yosef Buganim et al.   NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS

Hippo pathway effector Yap promotes cardiac regeneration

(2013) Mei Xin et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Generation of induced neurons via direct conversion in vivo

(2013) O. Torper et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Environmental impact on direct neuronal reprogramming in vivo in the adult brain

(2013) Andrew Grande et al.   Nature Communications

MacroH2A histone variants act as a barrier upon reprogramming towards pluripotency

(2013) Alexandre Gaspar-Maia et al.   Nature Communications

Facilitators and Impediments of the Pluripotency Reprogramming Factors' Initial Engagement with the Genome

(2012) Abdenour Soufi et al.   CELL

Single-Cell Expression Analyses during Cellular Reprogramming Reveal an Early Stochastic and a Late Hierarchic Phase

(2012) Yosef Buganim et al.   CELL

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Past, Present, and Future

(2012) Shinya Yamanaka   Cell Stem Cell

MicroRNA-Mediated In Vitro and In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Cardiac Fibroblasts to Cardiomyocytes

(2012) Tilanthi M. Jayawardena et al.   CIRCULATION RESEARCH

Bivalent histone modifications in early embryogenesis

(2012) Nadine L Vastenhouw et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN CELL BIOLOGY

Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors

(2012) Kunhua Song et al.   NATURE

In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes

(2012) Li Qian et al.   NATURE

STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration

(2012) Andrea Franceschini et al.   NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH

Histone Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in Transcription, DNA Damage Response, and Cancer

(2012) Jian Cao et al.   Frontiers in Oncology

Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications

(2011) Andrew J Bannister et al.   CELL RESEARCH

Human long non-coding RNAs promote pluripotency and neuronal differentiation by association with chromatin modifiers and transcription factors

(2011) Shi-Yan Ng et al.   EMBO JOURNAL

EZH1 and EZH2 cogovern histone H3K27 trimethylation and are essential for hair follicle homeostasis and wound repair

(2011) E. Ezhkova et al.   GENES & DEVELOPMENT

Signal Transduction by Mitochondrial Oxidants

(2011) Toren Finkel   JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS

(2011) A. Phillip West et al.   NATURE

MicroRNA-mediated conversion of human fibroblasts to neurons

(2011) Andrew S. Yoo et al.   NATURE

lincRNAs act in the circuitry controlling pluripotency and differentiation

(2011) Mitchell Guttman et al.   NATURE

Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors

(2011) Pengyu Huang et al.   NATURE

Direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by defined factors

(2011) Sayaka Sekiya et al.   NATURE

Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to neural progenitors

(2011) J. Kim et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Hippo Pathway Inhibits Wnt Signaling to Restrain Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Heart Size

(2011) T. Heallen et al.   SCIENCE

Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Functional Cardiomyocytes by Defined Factors

(2010) Masaki Ieda et al.   CELL

Energy Metabolic Phenotype of the Cardiomyocyte During Development, Differentiation, and Postnatal Maturation

(2010) Gary D Lopaschuk et al.   JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

Conversion of adult pancreatic α-cells to β-cells after extreme β-cell loss

(2010) Fabrizio Thorel et al.   NATURE

Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors

(2010) Thomas Vierbuchen et al.   NATURE

Large intergenic non-coding RNA-RoR modulates reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells

(2010) Sabine Loewer et al.   NATURE GENETICS

NG2+ CNS Glial Progenitors Remain Committed to the Oligodendrocyte Lineage in Postnatal Life and following Neurodegeneration

(2010) Shin H. Kang et al.   NEURON

The Ectopic Expression of Pax4 in the Mouse Pancreas Converts Progenitor Cells into α and Subsequently β Cells

(2009) Patrick Collombat et al.   CELL

mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome analysis of a single cell

(2009) Fuchou Tang et al.   NATURE METHODS

TFCat: the curated catalog of mouse and human transcription factors

(2009) Debra L Fulton et al.   GENOME BIOLOGY

Long noncoding RNAs in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation

(2008) M. E. Dinger et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to β-cells

(2008) Qiao Zhou et al.   NATURE

Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain

(2008) A. Buffo et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA