4.7 Article

A design of cascade control system and adaptive load compensator for battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage-based direct current microgrid

Journal

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
Volume 114, Issue -, Pages 154-167

Publisher

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.005

Keywords

Direct current microgrid; Cascade control; Feed-forward load compensation; Adaptive Kalman filter; Batteries; Ultracapacitors

Funding

  1. Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ) through Optimization of renewable electricity generation systems connected in a microgrid collaborative project [08/40]
  2. University of Zagreb through the research project Energy management control of drilling rig microgrid [2013-ZUID-2/5.5.2.8]

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A control system, design based on an actively-controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system suitable for direct current microgrid energy management purposes is presented in this paper. The proposed cascade control system arrangement is based on the superimposed proportional-integral voltage controller designed according to Damping Optimum criterion and a zero-pole canceling feed-forward load compensator aimed at voltage excursion suppression under variable load conditions. The superimposed controller commands the inner battery and ultracapacitor current control loops through a dynamic current reference distribution scheme, wherein the ultracapacitor takes on the highly-dynamic (transient) current demands, and the battery covers for steady-state loads. In order to avoid deep discharges of the ultracapacitor module, it is equipped with an auxiliary state-of-charge controller. Finally, for those applications where load is not measured, an adaptive Kalman filter-based load compensator is proposed and tested. The presented control strategy has been implemented on the low-cost industrial controller unit, and its effectiveness has been verified by means of simulations and experiments for the cases of abrupt load changes and quasi-stochastic load profiles using a downscaled battery/ultracapacitor hardware-in-the-loop experimental setup. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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