Impact of Gas-Liquid Interface on Photochemical Vapor Generation

Interfacial effect has attracted increasing interest as the inherent asymmetric environment of a gas-liquid interface leads to different chemical and physical properties between this region and the bulk phase, resulting in enhanced chemical processes, specific reactions, and mass transfer at the interface. Photochemical vapor generation (PVG) is regarded as a simple and green sample introduction method in atomic spectrometry. However, the photochemical behavior of elements with the interface is not known. Herein, we report the PVG of elements at the gas-liquid interface along with a possible mechanism investigated for the first time. Enhancement and/or suppression effects from the gas-liquid interface were observed on the PVG of 17 elements, which was correlated with the properties of analytes and the generated intermediate substances/products of PVG and the applied conditions. Enhancement from 1.1- to 7.3-fold in analytical sensitivity was found for 12 elements in the system with gas-liquid interface(s) compared to the results obtained in previous reports of PVG using traditional flow injection with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurement. The introduction of gas-liquid interface(s) and the resultant elevated temperature inside the PVG reactor likely facilitated the generation of radicals, the subsequent radical-based reactions, and the separation/transport/detection of volatile species of elements. In contrast, intermediate substances/products generated in PVG with poor thermostability will readily decompose at elevated temperatures, leading to a decreased signal response of analytes. The finding is helpful to understand the transport of elements under UV irradiation in the environment and has potential for analysis of trace elements in environmental and biological samples.

Automated summary

Enhancement and/or suppression effects on the photochemical vapor generation (PVG) of 17 elements at the gas-liquid interface were observed, with up to 7.3-fold increase in analytical sensitivity in the presence of gas-liquid interface(s) compared to traditional methods. The introduction of gas-liquid interface(s) and elevated temperature likely facilitated radical generation, subsequent reactions, and separation/detection of volatile species of elements, while unstable intermediate substances/products decomposed at high temperatures, decreasing analyte signal response. This finding contributes to understanding element transport under UV irradiation and has potential applications in trace element analysis in environmental and biological samples.