Plant Endemism Centres and Biodiversity Hotspots in Greece

The botanical exploration of Greece

(2020) Arne Strid   PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION

Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity patterns in the Northern Sporades islets complex (West Aegean, Greece)

(2020) Eleni Iliadou et al.   PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION

Climate and plant community diversity in space and time

(2020) Susan Harrison et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Ecological time lags and the journey towards conservation success

(2020) Kevin Watts et al.   Nature Ecology & Evolution

Endemism patterns are scale dependent

(2020) Barnabas H. Daru et al.   Nature Communications

National Set of MAES Indicators in Greece: Ecosystem Services and Management Implications

(2020) Ioannis P. Kokkoris et al.   Forests

Snapshot isolation and isolation history challenge the analogy between mountains and islands used to understand endemism

(2020) Suzette G. A. Flantua et al.   GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Changes in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the Anthropocene

(2020) Daijiang Li et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Medicinal and Aromatic Lamiaceae Plants in Greece: Linking Diversity and Distribution Patterns with Ecosystem Services

(2020) Alexian Cheminal et al.   Forests

Plant Diversity Patterns and Conservation Implications under Climate-Change Scenarios in the Mediterranean: The Case of Crete (Aegean, Greece)

(2020) Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis et al.   Diversity-Basel

Spatial Phylogenetics, Biogeographical Patterns and Conservation Implications of the Endemic Flora of Crete (Aegean, Greece) under Climate Change Scenarios

(2020) Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis et al.   Biology-Basel

Unravelling the small‐island effect through phylogenetic community ecology

(2020) Thomas J. Matthews et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

The contribution of the edaphic factor as a driver of recent plant diversification in a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot

(2020) Antoni Buira et al.   JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY

Half of resources in threatened species conservation plans are allocated to research and monitoring

(2020) Rachel T. Buxton et al.   Nature Communications

phyloregion: R package for biogeographical regionalization and macroecology

(2020) Barnabas H. Daru et al.   Methods in Ecology and Evolution

Tropical and Mediterranean biodiversity is disproportionately sensitive to land-use and climate change

(2020) Tim Newbold et al.   Nature Ecology & Evolution

What goes up must come down – why high fecundity orchids challenge conservation beliefs

(2020) Martha Charitonidou et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient

(2019) Christina M. Kennedy et al.   GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY

Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios

(2019) Ryan P. Powers et al.   Nature Climate Change

sP lot – a new tool for global vegetation analyses

(2019) Helge Bruelheide et al.   JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE

Spatial overlaps between the global protected areas network and terrestrial hotspots of evolutionary diversity

(2019) Barnabas H. Daru et al.   GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

V.PhyloMaker: an R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants

(2019) Yi Jin et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Phylogenetically informed spatial planning as a tool to prioritise areas for threatened plant conservation within a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot

(2019) Angelino Carta et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

For common community phylogenetic analyses, go ahead and use synthesis phylogenies

(2019) Daijiang Li et al.   ECOLOGY

Species and phylogenetic endemism in angiosperm trees across the Northern Hemisphere are jointly shaped by modern climate and glacial-interglacial climate change

(2019) Gang Feng et al.   GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Oscillayers: A dataset for the study of climatic oscillations over Plio‐Pleistocene time‐scales at high spatial‐temporal resolution

(2019) Alexander Gamisch   GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Hotspots of vascular plant endemism in a global biodiversity hotspot in Southwest Asia suffer from significant conservation gaps

(2019) Jalil Noroozi et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Recent Anthropogenic Plant Extinctions Differ in Biodiversity Hotspots and Coldspots

(2019) Johannes J. Le Roux et al.   CURRENT BIOLOGY

Modelling the current and future biodiversity distribution in the Chilean Mediterranean hotspot. The role of protected areas network in a warmer future

(2019) Taryn Fuentes‐Castillo et al.   DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS

Phylogenetic diversity patterns in forests of a putative refugial area in Greece: A community level analysis

(2019) Anna Mastrogianni et al.   FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Distribution patterns of ruderal plant diversity in Greece

(2019) Maria Panitsa et al.   BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Climate change and the future restructuring of Neotropical anuran biodiversity

(2019) Pablo A. Menéndez‐Guerrero et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Why mountains matter for biodiversity

(2019) Allison Perrigo et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Predicted climate shifts within terrestrial protected areas worldwide

(2019) Samuel Hoffmann et al.   Nature Communications

Patterns and drivers of species richness and turnover of neo-endemic and palaeo-endemic vascular plants in a Mediterranean hotspot: the case of Crete, Greece

(2019) Maria Lazarina et al.   Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki

The commonness of rarity: Global and future distribution of rarity across land plants

(2019) Brian J. Enquist et al.   Science Advances

Cradles and museums of generic plant diversity across tropical Africa

(2019) Léo‐Paul M. J. Dagallier et al.   NEW PHYTOLOGIST

Spatial genetic structure and diversity of natural populations of Aesculus hippocastanum L. in Greece

(2019) Łukasz Walas et al.   PLoS One

Constructing a broadly inclusive seed plant phylogeny

(2018) Stephen A. Smith et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Spatial autoregressive models for statistical inference from ecological data

(2018) Jay M. Ver Hoef et al.   ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS

The ecology of plant extinction: rates, traits and island comparisons

(2018) Alan Gray   ORYX

Future effects of climate and land-use change on terrestrial vertebrate community diversity under different scenarios

(2018) Tim Newbold   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Real-world conservation planning for evolutionary diversity in the Kimberley, Australia, sidesteps uncertain taxonomy

(2018) Dan F. Rosauer et al.   Conservation Letters

Evolutionary history of the flora of Mexico: Dry forests cradles and museums of endemism

(2018) Victoria Sosa et al.   Journal of Systematics and Evolution

A suite of global, cross-scale topographic variables for environmental and biodiversity modeling

(2018) Giuseppe Amatulli et al.   Scientific Data

The Homogocene: a research prospectus for the study of biotic homogenisation

(2018) Julian D. Olden et al.   NeoBiota

Towards an eco-evolutionary understanding of endemism hotspots and refugia

(2018) Gunnar Keppel et al.   ANNALS OF BOTANY

Comparing implementations of global and local indicators of spatial association

(2018) Roger S. Bivand et al.   TEST

Hotspots within a global biodiversity hotspot - areas of endemism are associated with high mountain ranges

(2018) Jalil Noroozi et al.   Scientific Reports

Spatial phylogenetics reveals evolutionary constraints on the assembly of a large regional flora

(2018) Daniel Spalink et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY

Priorities and conservation gaps across three biodiversity dimensions of rare and endangered plant species in China

(2018) Yue Xu et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

The origins and maintenance of global species endemism

(2018) Juan Zuloaga et al.   GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Facets of phylodiversity: evolutionary diversification, divergence and survival as conservation targets

(2018) Matthew M. Kling et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

An expanded molecular phylogeny of Plumbaginaceae, with emphasis on Limonium (sea lavenders): Taxonomic implications and biogeographic considerations

(2018) Konstantina Koutroumpa et al.   Ecology and Evolution

Widespread winners and narrow-ranged losers: Land use homogenizes biodiversity in local assemblages worldwide

(2018) Tim Newbold et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

PaleoClim, high spatial resolution paleoclimate surfaces for global land areas

(2018) Jason L. Brown et al.   Scientific Data

Using extinctions in species distribution models to evaluate and predict threats: a contribution to plant conservation planning on the island of Sardinia

(2017) MAURO FOIS et al.   ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

Spatial phylogenetics of the vascular flora of Chile

(2017) Rosa A. Scherson et al.   MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Phylogenetic evidence for a Miocene origin of Mediterranean lineages: species diversity, reproductive traits and geographical isolation

(2017) P. Vargas et al.   PLANT BIOLOGY

Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity uncover pteridophyte centres of diversity and hotspots in Tuscany

(2017) Angelino Carta et al.   PLANT BIOSYSTEMS

The specific vulnerability of plant biodiversity and vegetation on Mediterranean islands in the face of global change

(2017) Frédéric Médail   Regional Environmental Change

Disentangling relationships among the members of the Silene saxifraga alliance (Caryophyllaceae): Phylogenetic structure is geographically rather than taxonomically segregated

(2017) Sanja Durović et al.   TAXON

Understanding the Processes Underpinning Patterns of Phylogenetic Regionalization

(2017) Barnabas H. Daru et al.   TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION

Influence of current climate, historical climate stability and topography on species richness and endemism in Mesoamerican geophyte plants

(2017) Victoria Sosa et al.   PeerJ

SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning

(2017) Tomislav Hengl et al.   PLoS One

Disentangling the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of endemic vascular plants in Sardinia

(2017) Mauro Fois et al.   PLoS One

Hotspot analyses indicate significant conservation gaps for evergreen broadleaved woody plants in China

(2017) Yue Xu et al.   Scientific Reports

On the origins of Balkan endemics: the complex evolutionary history of theCyanus napulifergroup (Asteraceae)

(2016) Katarína Olšavská et al.   ANNALS OF BOTANY

Climatic and topographical correlates of plant palaeo- and neoendemism in a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot

(2016) Rafael Molina-Venegas et al.   ANNALS OF BOTANY

Mediterranean Biomes: Evolution of Their Vegetation, Floras, and Climate

(2016) Philip W. Rundel et al.   Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics

Spatial patterns of the Iberian and Balearic endemic vascular flora

(2016) Antoni Buira et al.   BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Effect of the Aegean Sea barrier between Europe and Asia on differentiation inJuniperus drupacea(Cupressaceae)

(2016) Karolina Sobierajska et al.   BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation

(2016) Manuel J. Steinbauer et al.   GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Network biogeography of a complex island system: the Aegean Archipelago revisited

(2016) Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Continental-scale spatial phylogenetics of Australian angiosperms provides insights into ecology, evolution and conservation

(2016) Andrew H. Thornhill et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Plant extinctions take time

(2016) Quentin Cronk   SCIENCE

Range-weighted metrics of species and phylogenetic turnover can better resolve biogeographic transition zones

(2016) Shawn W. Laffan et al.   Methods in Ecology and Evolution

Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates

(2016) EIMEAR NIC LUGHADHA et al.   Phytotaxa

Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist. Supplement

(2016) Panayotis Dimopoulos et al.   Willdenowia

Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity

(2015) Paul V.A. Fine   Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics

‘Sum of inverse range-sizes’ (SIR), a biodiversity metric with many names and interpretations

(2015) Greg R. Guerin et al.   BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

The European Paleoendemic Haberlea rhodopensis (Gesneriaceae) Has an Oligocene Origin and a Pleistocene Diversification and Occurs in a Long-Persisting Refugial Area in Southeastern Europe

(2015) Galya Petrova et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES

Climate vs. topography - spatial patterns of plant species diversity and endemism on a high-elevation island

(2015) Severin D. H. Irl et al.   JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY

Mountains and refuges: Genetic structure and evolutionary history in closely related, endemic Centaurea in continental Greece

(2015) Sara López-Vinyallonga et al.   MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

The ubiquity of alpine plant radiations: from the Andes to the Hengduan Mountains

(2015) Colin E. Hughes et al.   NEW PHYTOLOGIST

When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal

(2015) Jan Zalasiewicz et al.   QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL

Accelerating extinction risk from climate change

(2015) M. C. Urban   SCIENCE

Phylodiversity to inform conservation policy: An Australian example

(2015) Tania Laity et al.   SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

A georeferenced implementation of weighted endemism

(2015) Greg R. Guerin et al.   Methods in Ecology and Evolution

Evolution and biogeography of the endemicRoucelacomplex (Campanulaceae: Campanula) in the Eastern Mediterranean

(2015) Andrew A. Crowl et al.   Ecology and Evolution

Building Predictive Models inRUsing thecaretPackage

(2015) Max Kuhn   Journal of Statistical Software

Hotspots within hotspots: Endemic plant richness, environmental drivers, and implications for conservation

(2014) Eva M. Cañadas et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the evolutionary basis of ecological speciation

(2014) R. Alexander Pyron et al.   BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Complex fine-scale phylogeographical patterns in a putative refugial region forFagus sylvatica(Fagaceae)

(2014) Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou et al.   BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

Genetic Variation in Three Closely Related Minuartia (Caryophyllaceae) Species Endemic to Greece: Implications for Conservation Management

(2014) Antonios Augustinos et al.   FOLIA GEOBOTANICA

Investigating the evolutionary assembly of a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot: deep phylogenetic signal in the distribution of eudicots across elevational belts

(2014) Rafael Molina-Venegas et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Network biogeographical analysis of the central Aegean archipelago

(2014) Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Testing the efficiency of nested barriers to dispersal in the Mediterranean high mountain plantEdraianthus graminifolius(Campanulaceae)

(2014) Boštjan Surina et al.   MOLECULAR ECOLOGY

Escaping to the summits: Phylogeography and predicted range dynamics of Cerastium dinaricum, an endangered high mountain plant endemic to the western Balkan Peninsula

(2014) Denis Kutnjak et al.   MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Prioritizing Species by Conservation Value and Vulnerability: A New Index Applied to Species Threatened by Sea-Level Rise and Other Risks in Florida

(2014) Joshua S. Reece et al.   NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL

Patterns and processes in plant phylogeography in the Mediterranean Basin. A review

(2014) Gonzalo Nieto Feliner   PERSPECTIVES IN PLANT ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS

Ecological factors driving plant species diversity in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc and other central Aegean islands

(2014) Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis et al.   Plant Ecology & Diversity

Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia

(2014) Brent D. Mishler et al.   Nature Communications

Targeting Global Protected Area Expansion for Imperiled Biodiversity

(2014) Oscar Venter et al.   PLOS BIOLOGY

Contribution to the flora of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc: Anafi Island (Kiklades, Greece)

(2014) Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis et al.   Willdenowia

The native flora of Mountain Panachaikon (Peloponnese, Greece): new records and diversity

(2014) Ioannis Kokkoris et al.   Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki

Comparing the two Greek archipelagos plant species diversity and endemism patterns highlight the importance of isolation and precipitation as biodiversity drivers

(2014) Eleni Iliadou et al.   Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki

Elevation-driven ecological isolation promotes diversification on Mediterranean islands

(2013) Manuel J. Steinbauer et al.   ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY

Identifying the criteria underlying the political decision for the prioritization of the Greek Natura 2000 conservation network

(2013) Mariana A. Tsianou et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Where is positional uncertainty a problem for species distribution modelling?

(2013) Babak Naimi et al.   ECOGRAPHY

A tale of migrations from east to west: the Irano-Turanian floristic region as a source of Mediterranean xerophytes

(2013) Sara Manafzadeh et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Patterns of rain forest plant endemism in subtropical Australia relate to stable mesic refugia and species dispersal limitations

(2013) Lui C. Weber et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Biodiversity from mountain building

(2013) Carina Hoorn et al.   Nature Geoscience

Elevational Gradient of Vascular Plant Species Richness and Endemism in Crete – The Effect of Post-Isolation Mountain Uplift on a Continental Island System

(2013) Panayiotis Trigas et al.   PLoS One

Protected Areas and Effective Biodiversity Conservation

(2013) S. Le Saout et al.   SCIENCE

Molecular phylogeny of the Campanula pyramidalis species complex (Campanulaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear non-coding sequences and its taxonomic implications

(2013) Dmitar Lakušić et al.   TAXON

Disentangling environmental correlates of vascular plant biodiversity in a Mediterranean hotspot

(2013) Rafael Molina-Venegas et al.   Ecology and Evolution

Páramo is the world's fastest evolving and coolest biodiversity hotspot

(2013) Santiago Madriñán et al.   Frontiers in Genetics

Prioritizing species for conservation planning

(2012) Anni Arponen   BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance

(2012) Carsten F. Dormann et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Distribution Patterns and Conservation Perspectives of the Endemic Flora of Peloponnese (Greece)

(2012) Panayiotis Trigas et al.   FOLIA GEOBOTANICA

Incompletely resolved phylogenetic trees inflate estimates of phylogenetic conservatism

(2011) T. Jonathan Davies et al.   ECOLOGY

Quaternary range dynamics of ecologically divergent species (Edraianthus serpyllifolius and E. tenuifolius, Campanulaceae) within the Balkan refugium

(2011) Boštjan Surina et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Consequences of climate change on the tree of life in Europe

(2011) Wilfried Thuiller et al.   NATURE

Evolutionary dynamics of serpentine adaptation in Onosma (Boraginaceae) as revealed by ITS sequence data

(2011) L. Cecchi et al.   PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION

Factors affecting plant species richness and endemism on land-bridge islands – An example from the East Aegean archipelago

(2010) Maria Panitsa et al.   ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY

Examining the relationship between total species richness and single island palaeo- and neo-endemics

(2010) A.S. Kallimanis et al.   ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY

Patterns and traits of the endemic plants of Greece

(2010) KYRIACOS GEORGHIOU et al.   BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

Biodiverse, a tool for the spatial analysis of biological and related diversity

(2010) Shawn W. Laffan et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Identifying refugia from climate change

(2010) Michael B. Ashcroft   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Biogeographical determinants for total and endemic species richness in a continental archipelago

(2009) A. S. Kallimanis et al.   BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Macroecological patterns of species and genetic diversity in vascular plants of the Mediterranean basin

(2009) Bruno Fady et al.   DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS

Molecular inference of a Late Pleistocene diversification shift inNigellas. lat. (Ranunculaceae) resulting from increased speciation in the Aegean archipelago

(2009) Christiane Bittkau et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin

(2009) Frédéric Médail et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Phylogenetic endemism: a new approach for identifying geographical concentrations of evolutionary history

(2009) DAN ROSAUER et al.   MOLECULAR ECOLOGY

Phylogenetic Resolution and Quantifying the Phylogenetic Diversity and Dispersion of Communities

(2009) Nathan G. Swenson   PLoS One

A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions

(2009) G. Kier et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Adaptive radiation, nonadaptive radiation, ecological speciation and nonecological speciation

(2009) Rebecca J. Rundell et al.   TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION

Identifying areas of high importance for orchid conservation in east Macedonia (NE Greece)

(2008) Spyros Tsiftsis et al.   BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Conceptual gaps in the national strategy for the implementation of the European Natura 2000 conservation policy in Greece

(2008) Evangelia Apostolopoulou et al.   BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Sea-level changes and shelf break prograding sequences during the last 400ka in the Aegean margins: Subsidence rates and palaeogeographic implications

(2008) V. Lykousis   CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH

Does higher taxon diversity reflect richness of conservation interest species?

(2008) Antonios D. Mazaris et al.   ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS

The ‘oriental’ component of the Balkan flora: evidence of presence on the Thracian Plain during the Weichselian late-glacial

(2008) E. K. Magyari et al.   JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Origin and diversification of the Greater Cape flora: Ancient species repository, hot-bed of recent radiation, or both?

(2008) G. Anthony Verboom et al.   MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Plant speciation in continental island floras as exemplified by Nigella in the Aegean Archipelago

(2008) H. P. Comes et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Phylogenetic Analysis Informed by Geological History Supports Multiple, Sequential Invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the Angiosperm Family Araceae

(2008) Guilhem Mansion et al.   SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY