Journal
NANOMATERIALS
Volume 10, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nano10091808
Keywords
graphene; non-covalent; biosensor; real-time; sensor; nanocomposite; pi-pi stacking; drop-cast; carbon-surfaces; resistor; GFET
Categories
Funding
- Innovate UK under Newton Fund-China-UK Research and Innovation Bridges Competition 2015 [102877]
- Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS), EU-H2020MSCA-ITN-ETN-2016 (BBDiag)
- Welsh Government [663830-SU-077, 80761-SU-100]
- European Commission under European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) through Ser Cymru II Fellowships [663830-SU-077, 80761-SU-100]
- EU [785219, 881603]
- EPSRC [EP/M006301/1]
- EPSRC [EP/I00193X/1, EP/M006301/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Innovate UK [102877] Funding Source: UKRI
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Affinity biosensors based on graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) or resistor designs require the utilization of graphene's exceptional electrical properties. Therefore, it is critical when designing these sensors, that the electrical properties of graphene are maintained throughout the functionalization process. To that end, non-covalent functionalization may be preferred over covalent modification. Drop-cast 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) was investigated as a quick and simple method for the non-covalent amine functionalization of carbon-based surfaces such as graphene, for use in biosensor development. In this work, multiple graphene surfaces were functionalized with DAN via a drop-cast method, leading to amine moieties, available for subsequent attachment to receptor molecules. Successful modification of graphene with DAN via a drop-cast method was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and real-time resistance measurements. Successful attachment of receptor molecules also confirmed using the aforementioned techniques. Furthermore, an investigation into the effect of sequential wash steps which are required in biosensor manufacture, on the presence of the DAN layer, confirmed that the functional layer was not removed, even after multiple solvent exposures. Drop-cast DAN is thus, a viable fast and robust method for the amine functionalization of graphene surfaces for use in biosensor development.
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