Article
Forestry
Shubo Huang, Lixiang Wen, Shuai Yin, Meng Guo, Fangbing Yu
Summary: This study analyzed the characteristics of coarse woody debris decomposition in Larix gmelinii forests over 33 years after a fire, revealing a positive correlation between decay rate and decay class. Factors such as nutrient content, density, and water content explained the variance in decay rate, and the decomposition process was mainly influenced by the structural component of the debris and its nitrogen and water contents. This paper quantified indicators affecting CWD decay to explain the decomposition process.
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Morris C. Johnson, Maureen C. Kennedy, Sarah C. Harrison, Ernesto Alvarado, Cody Desautel, Joseph Holford, Shay Logue
Summary: This study investigates the effects of salvage logging on post-wildfire stand structure and fuel loadings. The results show that salvage logging reduces snag basal area but increases fine woody fuel loading. Simulation results indicate rapid snag fall, with a predicted snag basal area loss of 61% within 10 years. Long-term monitoring is recommended for better data to inform post-wildfire management decisions.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Zhihui Wang, Mingzhen Xu, Fei Li, Yi Bai, Jianfeng Hou, Xuqing Li, Rui Cao, Yuyue Deng, Yurui Jiang, Huaibin Wang, Wanqin Yang
Summary: This study investigated the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial community beneath debris with varying decay classes and diameters in six different successional forests. The results showed that the composition and functional groups of the soil bacterial communities varied greatly with forest succession, decay classes, and debris diameters. The structure of the bacterial communities varied significantly among different forest successions and diameters, but not decay classes. The presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in highly decayed wood debris indicated that the existence of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems could stimulate nitrogen fixation.
GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
(2023)
Review
Forestry
Alexandro B. Leverkus, Brian Buma, Joseph Wagenbrenner, Philip J. Burton, Emanuele Lingua, Raffaella Marzano, Simon Thorn
Summary: Salvage logging is commonly used after natural forest disturbances to reduce economic losses and mitigate subsequent risk, but its ecological impacts and effects on subsequent disturbances are still unclear. It has the potential to alter functional connections between natural disturbances and produce new connections to additional disturbances.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Callie Ashton Oldfield, Chris Jon Peterson
Summary: This paper explores the impact of moderate-severity wind disturbance and salvage logging on forest biomass and carbon stock recovery over a 19-year period, finding that salvage logging did not hinder the recovery of tree carbon accumulation rates. No significant difference in aboveground tree carbon storage before and 19 years after the disturbance was observed at the two study sites, and greater wind damage severity was weakly associated with higher rates of biomass accumulation.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhaohua Dai, Carl C. Trettin, Andrew J. Burton, Martin F. Jurgensen, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Brian T. Forschler, Jonathan S. Schilling, Daniel L. Lindner
Summary: A process-based model, CWDDAT, accurately predicts the decomposition of Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) in forests under varying conditions. The model was validated using data from nine Experimental Forests in the USA, demonstrating its applicability for large-scale assessments of CWD dynamics and fine-scale considerations regarding CWD carbon fate.
Article
Ecology
Brian J. Roberts, Natalie A. Griffiths, Jeffrey N. Houser, Patrick J. Mulholland
Summary: The study evaluated the ecological effectiveness of adding coarse woody debris to streams and found that heavily disturbed streams responded most strongly to the additions. However, the benefits of CWD additions were only short-term, as continued high erosion rates resulted in the burial of added CWD and a return to pre-addition levels of ecosystem metabolism rates. Therefore, future restoration efforts should consider the intensity of disturbances in selecting restoration locations.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Wojciech Piaszczyk, Jaroslaw Lasota, Ewa Blonska, Kacper Foremnik
Summary: The study found that habitat moisture has a significant impact on the decomposition process of wood samples, with the greatest mass loss recorded under fresh habitat conditions. Higher moisture content slows down wood decomposition, with weight loss averaging 34% in boggy habitats. Fine woody debris can serve as a useful source of nutrients in forest ecosystems.
Article
Geography, Physical
Kailey V. V. Adams, Jean L. L. Dixon, Andrew C. C. Wilcox, Dave McWethy
Summary: Interactions between vegetation and sediment in post-fire landscapes are important for sediment connectivity. Previous research focused on vegetation removal but overlooked the effects of coarse woody debris (CWD) added after fires. Our study investigates the impacts of CWD on hillslope sediment storage and highlights its role in limiting rapid sediment movement. We propose a new conceptual model, conduct tilt table experiments, and estimate hillslope sediment storage capacity in a burned catchment using high-resolution topographic data and digitization of downed logs. The results suggest that fire-produced CWD serves as an important source of sediment disconnectivity in catchments and should be incorporated into models of sediment connectivity.
EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Angela L. Larsen-Gray, Susan C. Loeb, Matina C. Kalcounis-Rueppell
Summary: This study found that experimental manipulations of coarse woody debris in South Carolina did not significantly affect rodent population and community dynamics over the long-term. Variations in captures of cotton mice and southern flying squirrels were observed across seasons and years, but overall, the experimental treatments had minimal effects on the rodent community composition and structure.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Matthew J. Pringle, Steven G. Bray, John O. Carter
Summary: The study found that various factors, such as years since clearing, clearing method, bioregion, and number of times burned, strongly influence the disappearance of CWD following a land clearing event in Queensland. In typical conditions, it was predicted to take 38 years for 95% of CWD to disappear, but uncertainty in the data and model could lead to a range of 5 to >100 years for CWD disappearance. Contrary to official greenhouse gas reporting in Australia, it was found that a significant amount of CWD may not be burned soon after clearing, leading to delayed CO2 emissions.
CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Sarah A. Lewis, Peter R. Robichaud, Vince A. Archer, Andrew T. Hudak, Jan U. H. Eitel, Eva K. Strand
Summary: Wildfires have become an annual occurrence in western National Forests, and their severe impacts on soil and vegetation can be mitigated. Salvage logging, commonly used after wildfires, can recover timber value and remove excess fuels, but it may also cause detrimental soil disturbance. This study found a strong correlation between the extent of exposed soil and detrimental soil disturbance. Additionally, high-resolution imagery was used to calculate vegetation index, which was significantly correlated with detrimental soil disturbance. A decision-making tool was developed to support land managers in planning, evaluating, and monitoring disturbance from post-fire salvage logging.
Article
Soil Science
Apolline Benoist, Daniel Houle, Robert L. Bradley, Jean-Philippe Bellenger
Summary: The contribution of Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) to N inputs in boreal ecosystems has been reported, but data from Eastern Canadian forests is scarce. This study evaluated the contribution of CWD to total biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in two forest sites and tested factors that can affect the conversion ratio for N-2-fixation estimates. The results showed that N-2-fixation by CWD in balsam fir and black spruce from eastern boreal forest is low compared to other estimates, and moss-covered CWD can significantly contribute to CWD N-2-fixation.
SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Forestry
Ivan Romashkin, Ekaterina Shorohova, Ekaterina Kapitsa, Natalia Galibina, Ksenia Nikerova
Summary: By studying a 66-year decomposition process in an old-growth mixed boreal forest, researchers found that the dynamics of carbon, nitrogen, cellulose, and lignin in downed logs were influenced by the availability of nitrogen, which positively impacted wood bulk density loss and cellulose degradation. The study highlights the importance of considering tree species specific traits in decomposition studies in old-growth boreal forests.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Francesco Parisi, Michele Innangi, Roberto Tognetti, Fabio Lombardi, Gherardo Chirici, Marco Marchetti
Summary: The relationships between structural complexity, deadwood abundance, microhabitat type, and species-diversity indicators are crucial tools for monitoring biodiversity in forest ecosystems. However, the impact of these factors on beetle communities can vary in different forest environments. Our study highlights the significance of ecological attributes in tracking changes in beetle biodiversity in specific forest contexts.
GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
(2021)
Correction
Biodiversity Conservation
Nanane Motosugi, Futoshi Nakamura, Souta Nakajima, Chihiro Takahata, Kazuhiro Kawamura, Junko Morimoto
Summary: This correction adds the reference that was not included in the original publication.
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Mirza A. T. M. Tanvir Rahman, Junjiro N. Negishi, Takumi Akasaka, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: This study found that hyporheic insects play an important role in transferring aquatic resources to the riparian zone and their contribution varies seasonally, peaking in July. Additionally, the study highlighted the impact of flight behaviors of hyporheic insects on the direction and extent of resource transfer.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Junjiro N. Negishi, Tomohiro Nakagawa, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: This study found that color can affect the behavior of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) adults, particularly impacting the responses of Chloroperlidae and Hydrobiosidae significantly. Additionally, the color preference of Chloroperlidae may be linked to their relatively strong diurnal activity.
Article
Fisheries
Taihei Yamada, Hirokazu Urabe, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: This study investigated the diel migration pattern of pink salmon fry in three small streams and found that they mainly migrate within a few hours after sunset, possibly to avoid predation.
JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Soil Science
Kazuo Isobe, Hiroaki Oka, Tsunehiro Watanabe, Ryunosuke Tateno, Keishi Senoo, Hideaki Shibata
Summary: The soil microbial community in winter plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycling, but winter climate change may affect its function and composition. This study simulated winter climate change through a snow removal experiment and found that the response of the soil microbial community to freeze-thaw cycles led to increased carbon availability and activated microbial nitrogen cycling. However, due to its high resilience, these responses did not persist into the plant-growing season.
SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Takumi Akasaka, Terutaka Mori, Nobuo Ishiyama, Yuya Takekawa, Tomonori Kawamoto, Mikio Inoue, Hiromune Mitsuhashi, Yoichi Kawaguchi, Hidetaka Ichiyanagi, Norio Onikura, Yo Miyake, Izumi Katano, Munemitsu Akasaka, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: Biodiversity conservation and disaster risk reduction have been handled separately, but establishing new protected areas in human-inhabited lowland areas with high flood risk could be a win-win strategy for conserving freshwater biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (eco-DRR).
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Munehiro Kitazawa, Yuichi Yamaura, Masayuki Senzaki, Masashi Hanioka, Haruka Ohashi, Michio Oguro, Tetsuya Matsui, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: Land cover change for agriculture is a major threat to global biodiversity. A study in Japan's Hokkaido region found that over a 166-year period, such land cover change led to significant decline in bird species richness and abundance, as well as changes in community composition. This study provides important baseline information for future conservation policies.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Flavio Furukawa, Junko Morimoto, Nobuhiko Yoshimura, Takashi Koi, Hideaki Shibata, Masami Kaneko
Summary: This study investigates the capability of a UAV video-based technology to identify damaged trees in windthrow areas, comparing it with conventional UAV remote sensing analysis and ground surveys. The results show that the video technology can better identify damaged trees, providing fast and reliable information for forest management.
Article
Ecology
Chihiro Haga, Wataru Hotta, Takahiro Inoue, Takanori Matsui, Masahiro Aiba, Toshiaki Owari, Satoshi N. Suzuki, Hideaki Shibata, Junko Morimoto
Summary: This study explores management options for recovering above-ground biomass (AGB) and tree species composition after windthrow damage in forests under climate change. The results show that salvage logging and planting can successfully recover AGB by 2050 regardless of the climate change scenario. Leaving fallen trees or only conducting salvage logging does not facilitate AGB recovery. The study also found that the warmer climate condition promotes the recovery of certain tree species.
ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kei Uchida, Azumi Okazaki, Takumi Akasaka, Junjiro N. Negishi, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: This study found that plant species resilience was higher in disturbance legacy sites compared to open habitat sites. Perennial species richness plays a crucial role in the recovery of plant diversity in these legacy sites.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Jing Li, Junko Morimoto, Wataru Hotta, Satoshi N. Suzuki, Toshiaki Owari, Motoko Toyoshima, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: Due to climate change, the frequency and intensity of typhoons are expected to increase, which may lead to more windthrow in forests. It is important to enhance the resilience of hemiboreal forests through management after windthrow. This study quantified forest structure recovery after windthrow using aerial photos and LiDAR data, and tested three hypotheses related to forest recovery. The results supported two hypotheses and partially supported the third, indicating that it takes more than 30 years for canopy tree height to recover after windthrow in hemiboreal forests. The choice and intensity of post-disturbance management should be carefully considered based on the management purpose and local characteristics.
LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Xinyu Chen, Ram Avtar, Deha Agus Umarhadi, Albertus Stephanus Louw, Sourabh Shrivastava, Ali P. Yunus, Khaled Mohamed Khedher, Tetsuya Takemi, Hideaki Shibata
Summary: The frequency and intensity of typhoons have increased due to climate change, resulting in widespread damage to forests. This study compared different forest damage estimation techniques and identified their respective advantages and suitable use cases. Machine learning classifiers achieved the highest accuracy in damage assessment, but required intensive computation and complex processing steps. The methods and findings presented in this study can aid stakeholders in implementing more effective forest damage monitoring after typhoons and extreme weather events in the future.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE EXTREMES
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Wataru Hotta, Chihiro Haga, Junko Morimoto, Satoshi N. Suzuki, Takanori Matsui, Toshiaki Owari, Hideaki Shibata, Futoshi Nakamura
Summary: Forest management practices are required to conserve biodiversity and maximize carbon sequestration under climate change. Although post-windthrow salvage logging and scarification can reduce CO2 emissions, they may greatly impact species composition and increase CO2 emissions based on cradle-to-grave analysis. Leaving downed logs and advanced seedlings is recommended to conserve boreal conifers and carbon sinks and maximize net CO2 absorption under climate change.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Chihiro Haga, Marimi Maeda, Wataru Hotta, Takanori Matsui, Masahiro Nakaoka, Junko Morimoto, Hideaki Shibata, Shizuka Hashimoto, Osamu Saito, Sana Okayasu, HyeJin Kim, Garry Peterson
Summary: This study developed a protocol for operationalizing the Nature Futures Framework (NFF) in landscape scenario analysis. The protocol includes exploring nature-positive futures, seeking alternative pathways for targets satisfying visions of plural values, and screening key direct drivers to achieve the targets. The study also identified key response options to achieve good nature-positive futures.
SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE
(2023)
Correction
Forestry
Kazuhiro Kawamura, Yuichi Yamaura, Masashi Soga, Rebecca Spake, Futoshi Nakamura
JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Forestry
Sadadi Ojoatre, Jos Barlow, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Mariana C. Rufino
Summary: This study evaluates the changes in a forest complex in Kenya and finds that within 20 years of disturbance, there is rapid recovery of aboveground biomass and carbon accumulation, and the species diversity remains high in these previously disturbed fragments.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Astor Torano Caicoya, Peter Biber, Miren del Rio, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Catia Arcangeli, Robert Matthews, Hans Pretzsch
Summary: This study analyzed the effects of site and climate on the self-thinning line in Scots pine forests in Europe. The results showed that species tolerance, temperature, and precipitation influenced the slope of the self-thinning line. In terms of the intercept, latitude and radiation had compensating effects. Time did not show significant trends in the self-thinning line. The study highlights the need to adapt management strategies and models based on self-thinning to different latitudes. Climate change has not yet significantly impacted the self-thinning trajectory, but a continuous rise in temperature and high precipitation may accelerate the self-thinning process and result in increased biomass accumulation.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Haonan Zhang, Jianing Xu, Weiqi Meng, Zhonglin Li, Yanyan Ni, Weijie Li, Hao Chen, Xingshuo Zhang, Huanhuan Yuan, Zhi Wang
Summary: Secondary forests play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity recovery. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying secondary succession in a restored secondary forest and found that deciduous tree species transition from diversity accumulators to repellents as they progress through different life history stages, while evergreen tree species can act as accumulators or remain neutral. The study also revealed the effects of density dependence on the mortality and regeneration of different tree species, and highlighted the importance of early-arriving tree species in facilitating the establishment and diversity of late-arriving counterparts.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Yierxiati Abulaiti, Zijian Huang, Guojiao Xie, Xiaojuan Zou, Qin Luo, Minhuang Wang, Qiong Yang, Ping Hu, Shixiao Yu
Summary: In this study, the resistance to pest infestation of native and exotic mangrove species was compared based on their traits and spectral reflectance. The results showed that exotic species exhibited higher resistance to pest infestation compared to native species.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Thomas Feiss, Vincent Robin, Delphine Aran, Joseph Levillain, Thierry Paul, Jean-Luc Dupouey
Summary: Fagus sylvatica L. is a competitive tree in European temperate deciduous forests, but often sporadic or absent in present-day stands where Quercus spp. are dominant. Through soil charcoal analysis in the Lorraine Plateau in France, the presence of Fagus and Quercus in mature Quercus stands was confirmed. Radiocarbon dating results indicated that historical forest management caused the replacement of Fagus by Quercus, starting from the Bronze Age.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Paula Halbig, Anne-Sophie Stelzer, Peter Baier, Josef Pennerstorfer, Horst Delb, Axel Schopf
Summary: The incidence of oak processionary moth in Central Europe has been increasing, posing severe threats to oak trees, humans, and animals. To address this issue, researchers have developed an online early warning system that provides phenological forecasts and decision support for the protection of oak trees and human health.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Jean-Baptiste Ndamiyehe Ncutirakiza, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Philippe Lejeune, Xavier Bry, Catherine Trottier, Frederic Mortier, Adeline Fayolle, Francois Muhashy Habiyaremye, Leopold Ndjele Mianda-Bungi, Gauthier Ligot
Summary: This study examines the influence of canopy structure on tropical tree growth using data collected through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and field measurements. The results show that combining UAV and field data can improve the prediction of tree diameter increment. Diameter at breast height and crown area are complementary predictors, and crown-based competition indices significantly enhance prediction models. The calibrated model at one site can accurately predict growth at another site.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Abebe Damtew, Emiru Birhane, Christian Messier, Alain Paquette, Bart Muys
Summary: Restoring degraded dryland requires a diverse mixture of trees and shrubs. Shading and species diversity can improve seedling survival and vitality. Shaded conditions led to higher seedling survival, vitality, and chlorophyll content, while increasing species richness improved seedling vitality in non-shaded conditions.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Francois Hebert, Isabelle Delisle, Marc Tremblay, Pascal Tremblay, Jean- Francois Boucher, Yan Boucher, Daniel Lord
Summary: Regeneration failures in the closed-crown boreal forest, resulting in the creation of open lichen woodlands, can be restored through clear-cutting, scarification, and natural seeding. Clear-cutting combined with scarification promotes seedling establishment, and scarification creates suitable microsites for germination. Seedling growth in lichen woodlands is higher when logging and scarification are combined, but lower compared to feather moss stands. Afforestation through natural seeding following scarification could be a cost-effective option for restoring lichen woodlands.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Bianca Wulansari Kassun, A. Maarit I. Kallio, Erik Tr Omborg, Meley Mekonen Rannestad
Summary: Mapping and analyzing forest ecosystem services in dry and mountain forests can provide valuable knowledge for sustainable forest management strategies.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Michael Premer, Eric Turnblom, Aaron Weiskittel
Summary: Managed forests serve as a natural climate change solution by sequestering carbon and storing it in harvested wood products, while also providing ecosystem services and wildlife habitat. This study focused on the stem sinuosity of juvenile coastal Douglas-fir and found that genetic improvement, silviculture practices, and local growing conditions can impact stem sinuosity. Factors such as tree spacing, vegetation control, and climate variables also affect the severity of stem sinuosity.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Bronwyn Lira Dyson, Rhea Herpel, Peter Karasch, Jorg Mueller, Dominik Thom, Claus Baessler
Summary: The study aimed to assess the effects of different forest management strategies, dead wood types, and microclimates on Fomes fomentarius. The results showed that the occupancy of Fomes fomentarius was lower in control stands, while the percent cover occupied on snags under a closed canopy was higher. Increasing the number of snags and maintaining dense forest canopies could enhance the presence of Fomes fomentarius as well as provide important microhabitats for various arthropods.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Di Liu, Chaofan Zhou, Xiao He, Xiangdong Lei, Huiru Zhang, Xianzhao Liu
Summary: Canopy structure plays a significant role in the distribution and growth of saplings. Traditional canopy metrics are inadequate in irregular stands. The innovative framework of canopy triangular units provides a comprehensive understanding of the canopy's three-dimensional attributes. Through this framework, we can analyze the differences in various triangular unit types and the spatial dispersion of saplings.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Amalia Valeria Ibanez Moro, Fabian Borghetti, Leonardo Galetto, Juan M. Cellini, Sandra J. Bravo
Summary: This study evaluated the size and persistence of soil seed banks (SSB) of six native woody species in dry subtropical forests of the western Argentine Chaco region. The results showed that SSB size was influenced by different sites and sampling years, and forest disturbances had varying effects on SSB.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Stephanie Landry, Marc-Andre Villard, Gaetan Pelletier, Martin-Hugues St-Laurent
Summary: In many regions of the world, excessive browsing by ungulates has reached unsustainable levels, threatening biodiversity and forest regeneration. Moose, as ecological engineers, have severe impacts on forest structure and composition through overbrowsing. The distribution of forage and cover patches affects moose browsing pressure, and this relationship has been explored in conifer-dominated stands but not in hardwood-dominated landscapes.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)