Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Chang Liu, Xin Li, Shi Shu, Yu-he Huang, Xing-gang Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: Numerical simulation was conducted to reveal the flow mechanism of metal melts in melt delivery nozzle during gas atomization process, showing that numerical models could predict the melt flow process in the MDN reasonably. With the decrease of MDN inner-diameter, the melt flow resistance increased, leading to a higher yield of fine powder and improved surface quality of powders.
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
X. X. Yao, J. Y. Li, Y. F. Wang, X. Gao, T. Li, Z. Zhang
Summary: The study found that in the DED-AM process, a negative defocused amount benefits the flight path of powder particles, allowing higher laser energy to be applied to the deposition layer. Increasing both the carrier gas and shield gas flow rates can accelerate powder particle speeds, leading to a reduction in laser energy attenuation and average temperature rise.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Haoqi Lilan, Junbing Qian, Nan Pan
Summary: Nozzle spray atomization is a complex physical process, with studies on its effectiveness and droplet size distribution leading to the establishment of experimental mathematical models and simulation research. By utilizing technologies such as high-speed cameras and image processing, the droplet size distribution of the entire atomization field was analyzed based on data from multiple observation areas, providing a basis and reference for controlling the atomization effect.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Peng Wang, Jing Li, Hen-San Liu, Xin Wang, Bo-Rui Du, Ping Gan, Shi-Yuan Shen, Bin Fan, Xue-Yuan Ge, Miao-Hui Wang
Summary: The paper models and simulates the atomization process of close-coupled ring-hole nozzles in vacuum induction gas atomization for metallic powder production. The study reveals the formation of a gas recirculation zone at the bottom of the delivery tube by the ring-hole nozzle, which plays a crucial role in primary atomization. Additionally, increasing the number of ring holes can lead to changes in the mass median diameter of the primary atomized droplets, affecting the overall atomization process.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
M. Rahul, S. P. Sivapirakasam, Sreejith Mohan, B. R. Vishnu, J. F. P. Gomes
Summary: This paper investigated the effect of a flux modification in a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process using a new covered electrode. The results showed that substituting micro-sized CaTiO3 with nano-sized CaTiO3 in the electrode flux significantly reduced the mass concentration and breathing zone concentration of welding fume particulates. Morphological analysis indicated that the new electrodes produced mostly monodispersed particles, which were easier to be removed from the lungs, making the process more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Katarzyna Samborska, Sadegh Poozesh, Alicja Baranska, Mariia Sobulska, Aleksandra Jedlinska, Cordin Arpagaus, Narjes Malekjani, Seid Mahdi Jafari
Summary: This article provides a literature review on modifications and recent achievements in the field of spray drying. It discusses the search for new design and technological solutions to improve energy efficiency and product properties. The paper highlights the potential of innovative approaches to overcome the drawbacks of conventional spray drying systems.
JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lukasz Zrodowski, Rafal Wroblewski, Tomasz Choma, Bartosz Moronczyk, Mateusz Ostrysz, Marcin Leonowicz, Wojciech Lacisz, Piotr Blyskun, Jan S. Wrobel, Grzegorz Cieslak, Bartlomiej Wysocki, Cezary Zrodowski, Karolina Pomian
Summary: The newly developed ultrasonic atomization method shows great promise in producing powders suitable for additive manufacturing, with highly spherical particles produced through electric arc melting and standing wave vibrations. This method has the potential to be a valuable tool for material scientists in developing powders with tailored chemical composition, size, and structure.
Review
Engineering, Industrial
A. T. Clare, R. S. Mishra, M. Merklein, H. Tan, I. Todd, L. Chechik, J. Li, M. Bambach
Summary: The authors provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanics of additive manufacturing process, discussing how thermodynamics affect microstructure and properties. They also analyze the impact of processing conditions and traditional casting methods on modifying solidification microstructure, as well as discuss the material types and alloy families in powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. H. Ghoncheh, A. Shahriari, N. Birbilis, M. Mohammadi
Summary: Among the alloy systems used in additive manufacturing (AM), steels are of significant interest due to their established mechanical and corrosion properties. In an erosive/corrosive environment, materials selection and design must consider possible failure mechanisms. While alloying elements are added to improve corrosion resistance, the initial microstructure and post-process heat treatments also play crucial roles. Proper selection and optimization of AM process parameters are essential to minimize microstructural defects. This comprehensive review discusses powder atomization techniques, AM process parameter control, rapid solidification principles, and their impact on as-built microstructure. It also presents the role of different phases and microstructures formed during post-process heat treatments, as well as the corrosion behavior of various grades of AM steels. The review highlights the interplay between process, microstructure, and corrosion properties of AM steels throughout the fabrication process.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLID STATE AND MATERIALS SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Krzysztof Grzelak, Marcin Bielecki, Janusz Kluczynski, Ireneusz Szachogluchowicz, Lucjan Sniezek, Janusz Torzewski, Jakub Luszczek, Lukasz Sloboda, Marcin Wachowski, Zenon Komorek, Marcin Malek, Justyna Zygmuntowicz
Summary: The significant growth of Additive Manufacturing has resulted in increased demand for small gradation metallic powders. This study compares powders obtained through ultrasonic atomization and gas atomization methods, analyzing their particle distribution, chemical composition, density, and flowability. Test samples created using both methods were analyzed for differences in microstructure, porosity, and hardness. Mechanical properties were also analyzed through tensile testing and impact tests. The study confirms that both methods can deliver materials with similar properties.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yutong Shi, Weiyan Lu, Wenhai Sun, Suode Zhang, Baijun Yang, Jianqiang Wang
Summary: This study investigates the influence of high gas pressure on powder particle characteristics in gas atomization by using numerical models. The dynamics of the gas phase flow and gas-melt two-phase flow fields are explored, and the flow field of a discrete-jet closed-coupled gas atomization nozzle is analyzed. The results show that increasing gas pressure can gradually decrease the particle size and lead to a more concentrated distribution.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Anil Emiralioglu, Rahmi Unal
Summary: This paper provides a detailed review of publications on the manufacture of parts with gamma-TiAl alloys by additive manufacturing (AM) methods. It summarizes the recent findings, challenges, and ways to improve shortcomings of the AM methods. By optimizing process parameters, the shortcomings encountered in production can be improved.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Ramalingam Senthil, Gunasekaran Arun Vijay
Summary: This article focuses on the spray characteristics of biodiesel, analyzing its physicochemical properties, injection conditions, and injector constraints to understand the atomization features. It also discusses the supporting systems for spray diagnostics and models. The highlighted significant spray challenges and future research direction benefit the fuel and combustion community.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Asif Ur Rehman, Burak Karakas, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Berkan Basaran, Rashid Ur Rehman, Mertcan Kirac, Marwan Khraisheh, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Rahmi Unal
Summary: Metallic powders for additive manufacturing are usually produced by vacuum induction gas atomization (VIGA), where liquid metal is broken into tiny droplets by gas jets. In this study, Inconel-625 feedstock was produced using a supersonic nozzle in a close-coupled gas atomization apparatus. The relationship between gas pressure and powder size distribution was found to be nonmonotonic but deterministic, with the maximum 15-45 μm percentage achieved at 29 bar Argon gas pressure. Tensile test specimens printed with the produced powder showed higher yield and tensile strengths in the ZX direction and increased elongation in the ZX direction compared to the XY orientation.
RAPID PROTOTYPING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Shuo Feng, Dongzhou Jia, Ying Fu, Xiangqing Kong, Zhenlin Lv, Erjun Zeng, Qi Gao
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research progress in the field of powder preparation by external field-enabled atomization. Firstly, the influence of powder properties on parts is analyzed from the perspective of additive manufacturing. Some conventional methods of powder preparation are introduced, and their shortcomings are pointed out. Secondly, the mechanism, equipment, and process parameters of external field-enabled atomization are comprehensively summarized, proving its applicability in the preparation of high-performance powder. Finally, the main challenges of external field-enabled atomization in the field of powder preparation are summarized.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tian Tian, Changchun Ge, Xinggang Li, Zhibo Hao, Shiqing Peng, Chonglin Jia
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chuan Guo, Zhengrong Yu, Chang Liu, Xinggang Li, Qiang Zhu, R. Mark Ward
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Zhibo Hao, Tian Tian, Xinggang Li, Yuhe Huang, Shiqing Peng, Qiang Zhu, Changchun Ge
Summary: This study investigated the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a nickel-based superalloy prepared by LPBF. The results showed that both HIP and HT processes improved the alloy's structure and properties, while an increase in HIP temperature led to grain refinement and elimination of some structural defects.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chuan Guo, Yang Zhou, Xinggang Li, Xiaogang Hu, Zhen Xu, Enjie Dong, Qiang Zhu, R. Mark Ward
Summary: The study compared the effects of continuous-wave and pulsed-wave laser beam modes on the fabrication of Inconel 738 LC samples, finding that pulsed wave could effectively eliminate cracks and improve the mechanical performance of the parts. The refinement of grains and higher cooling rate under the pulsed-wave laser beam were found to be key factors in crack elimination. Parts fabricated under the pulsed-wave mode exhibited superior mechanical performance compared to those under the continuous-wave mode.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Gan Li, Wen-ying Qu, Min Luo, Le Cheng, Chuan Guo, Xing-gang Li, Zhen Xu, Xiao-gang Hu, Da-quan Li, Hong-xing Lu, Qiang Zhu
Summary: Semi-solid processing of aluminum and magnesium alloys is considered a competitive approach in China due to its low cost, short process, and low energy consumption. This paper reviews common slurry preparation methods, discusses performance and microstructural evolution, and presents industrial applications in China. Special attention is given to unresolved issues and future directions.
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
(2021)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Chang Liu, Xin Li, Shi Shu, Yu-he Huang, Xing-gang Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: Numerical simulation was conducted to reveal the flow mechanism of metal melts in melt delivery nozzle during gas atomization process, showing that numerical models could predict the melt flow process in the MDN reasonably. With the decrease of MDN inner-diameter, the melt flow resistance increased, leading to a higher yield of fine powder and improved surface quality of powders.
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
(2021)
Article
Optics
Gan Li, Xinwei Li, Chuan Guo, Yang Zhou, Qiyang Tan, Wenying Qu, Xinggang Li, Xiaogang Hu, Ming-Xing Zhang, Qiang Zhu
Summary: The study found that optimizing processing parameters can achieve higher relative density, but cannot fully eliminate the problem of hot cracks. Surface quality issues are related to severe balling phenomenon and large gaps between tracks. In terms of low-melting-point elements content, there is a linear relationship between VED and the loss of zinc and magnesium, but no influence on the loss of copper and chromium.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Gang Ruan, Chang Liu, Hongqiao Qu, Chuan Guo, Gan Li, Xinggang Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: This paper compared the application of IN718 powders prepared by gas atomization (GA) and plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) in LPBF process. The results showed that the PREP powder had better flowability and processing window, and could achieve more stable mechanical properties compared to the GA powder.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Yang Zhou, Wenying Qu, Fan Zhou, Xinggang Li, Lijun Song, Qiang Zhu
Summary: This study provides a deeper understanding of the interaction mechanism between the magnetic field and melt flow inside the molten pool, and offers practical references for the design of magnetic field-assisted L-DED equipment.
RAPID PROTOTYPING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Gan Li, Gang Ruan, Yuhe Huang, Zhen Xu, Xinwei Li, Chuan Guo, Chunlu Zhao, Le Cheng, Xiaogang Hu, Xinggang Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: In this study, the addition of commercial Ti alloys to the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process of 7075 Al alloy was found to eliminate cracks and improve the relative density and plasticity of the printed samples. The in-situ formation of Al3(Tix,V1-x) particles and the solute effect of Ti and V elements in the Al matrix effectively controlled grain growth. This research provides insights into grain refinement and crack elimination in additively manufactured Al alloys.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Optics
Chuan Guo, Gan Li, Fan Zhou, Xinggang Li, Chang Liu, Zhong Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: This study aims to investigate the effect of boron on the cracking behavior of Inconel738LC during laser powder bed fusion, which has not been widely studied before. Two batches of Inconel738LC powders with different boron contents are used to fabricate parts. More cracks are found in the samples fabricated with high-boron powders compared to low-boron powders. The formation of boride is confirmed, leading to solidification cracking at the final stage of solidification. Cracks tend to occur at grain boundaries with high misorientation angles. Decreasing the boron content significantly improves the mechanical performance by reducing the level of cracking in the samples.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Chuan Guo, Gan Li, Sheng Li, Xiaogang Hu, Hongxing Lu, Xinggang Li, Zhen Xu, Yuhan Chen, Qingqing Li, Jian Lu, Qiang Zhu
Summary: The additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys has attracted significant attention for its ability to fabricate complex components for high-end industrial systems. However, the rapid heating and cooling processes can induce high levels of residual stress and lead to severe metallurgical defects. Understanding the mechanisms of residual stress and crack formation is crucial to prevent cracking and enable wider application of these materials. This paper reviews the residual stress and crack formation mechanisms in additively manufactured Ni-based superalloys and presents methods for inhibiting crack formation.
NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xi He, Gan Li, Yuhe Huang, Zhun Huang, Tao Wang, Xinggang Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is an advanced method for fast prototyping high-performance metallic components with complex structures. The development of high-strength Al alloys using L-PBF is limited by hot cracks, which is addressed by introducing 3 wt% Ti2AlNb intermetallic (IMC) powders into 7075 Al powders to form an in-situ nucleated 7075 (IN-7075) Al alloy. The as-printed IN-7075 Al alloy showed crack-free behavior with refined grain size and exhibited good mechanical properties after suitable heat treatment.
Article
Engineering, Industrial
Zhiwei Lyu, Yutaka S. Sato, Wanghui Xu, Su Li, Zhen Xu, Xiaogang Hu, Xinggang Li, Qiang Zhu
Summary: This study improves the mechanical properties of as-WAAMed 17-4PH steel by utilizing the intrinsic heat treatment, resulting in higher tensile strength and elongation.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Xu Jin-Xin, Chen Chao-Yue, Shen Lu-Yu, Xuan Wei-Dong, Li Xing-Gang, Shuai San-San, Li Xia, Hu Tao, Li Chuan-Jun, Yu Jian-Bo, Wang Jiang, Ren Zhong-Ming
Summary: Metal powders prepared by laminar flow gas atomization have the advantages of small particle size and narrow particle size distribution. Research on laminar flow gas atomization focuses on the influence of process parameters on atomization and powder characteristics, and systematic investigation through numerical simulation and experimental analysis provides important insights into the atomization process.
ACTA PHYSICA SINICA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ri Zhang, Shasha Zhang, Mengyan Ding
Summary: A thin liquid film method is proposed to evaluate sand erosion in annular flow. This method considers the direct interaction between the liquid film and gas core, as well as the entrainment and deposition of droplets. The erosion rate is calculated by considering the effects of liquid entrainment and particle velocity decay. The method is fully verified by comparing with experimental data.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yu Suo, Xianheng Su, Wenyuan He, Xiaofei Fu, Zhejun Pan
Summary: This research investigates the mechanical properties of sandstone-shale composite through orthogonal experimental method and discrete element simulation. The results show that different lithologies and thickness ratios can affect the strength and fracture mode of the composite rock samples.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Maurizio Troiano, Andrea El Hassanin, Roberto Solimene, Alessia Teresa Silvestri, Fabrizio Scala, Antonino Squillace, Piero Salatino
Summary: This study investigates the potential of Fluidized Bed Finishing (FBF) for square flat AlSi10Mg specimens manufactured via Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing technology. The results show that good finishing can be achieved using rotation-assisted tests, with a maximum reduction of surface roughness by 67%. Steel particles are found to be the most effective bed material.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Ningbo Song, Wanzhong Yin, Jin Yao
Summary: Seawater's dissolved salts and minerals have various effects on the flotation process, including influencing the characteristics and behavior of flotation factors, as well as affecting the surface of sulfide minerals. In most cases, seawater has adverse effects on the flotation of sulfide minerals, but these effects can be mitigated by adjusting the reagents.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kaiqiao Wu, Shuxian Jiang, Victor Francia, Marc-Olivier Coppens
Summary: In rectangular and cylindrical annular fluidized beds, pulsating gas flow can create regular bubble patterns, overcoming challenges seen in conventional units. This study provides new opportunities for modularization of fluidized bed operations.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Shuo Li, Huili Zhang, Jan Baeyens, Miao Yang, Zehao Li, Yimin Deng
Summary: The paper assesses the behavior of cohesive Geldart C-type particles when fluidized by air with the aid of vibration. It determines that mechanical vibration is a simple and effective method to improve the fluidity of cohesive particles during fluidization.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhenfei Feng, Qingyuan Zhang, Shanpan Liang, Zhenzhou Li, Fangwen Guo, Jinxin Zhang, Ding Yuan
Summary: A new micro/mini-channel heat sink (MCHS) with a combined structure of longitudinal and transverse vortex generators is designed, using Al2O3 nanofluid as the working medium. The study explores the effects of transverse vortex generator shape and longitudinal vortex generator angle on the hydraulic and thermal characteristics, comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency. The results show that the triangular transverse vortex generator improves the comprehensive performance and exergy efficiency. Combined with the longitudinal vortex generator, the MCHS achieves the best comprehensive performance, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency when the Reynolds number is 742.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Kostas Giannis, Christoph Thon, Guoqing Yang, Arno Kwade, Carsten Schilde
Summary: This study presents a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) methodology for generating realistic 3D models of particles. The method trains on 2D projections of particle images to predict their 3D shapes, and evaluates the accuracy of the predictions using Fourier shape descriptors (FSDs). This methodology has wide applications in particle shape analysis.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zheng-qing Zhou, Lu-jia Chai, Yu-long Zhang, Ya-bin Wang, Ze-chen Du, Tian-yi Wang, Yu-zhe Liu
Summary: The dynamic oxidation and shell-breaking processes of aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) during heating were studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the changes in shell thickness can be divided into three stages, and the active aluminum content of ANP decreased before shell-breaking.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Fulei Chen, Huaqing Ma, Zihan Liu, Lianyong Zhou, Yongzhi Zhao
Summary: A particle breakage model based on the particle replacement scheme, using the polyhedral model to describe particles, is proposed in this work to accurately describe the breakage of a large number of particles. Additionally, a fast-cutting algorithm is proposed to reproduce the size distribution of progeny particles determined by the breakage model. The validation and simulation results show satisfactory accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the algorithm.
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Matteo Errigo, Christopher Windows-Yule, Massimiliano Materazzi, Dominik Werner, Paola Lettieri
Summary: Gas-solid fluidized-bed systems have advantages in terms of chemical reaction efficiency and temperature control, making them widely used in industrial applications. However, the design, scale-up, and optimization of these complex units are limited by the lack of deep physical understanding. Non-invasive and non-intrusive diagnostic techniques provide a way for researchers to study these systems without affecting the flow field or directly contacting the medium under study.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Saeed Fateh, Mohammad Behshad Shafii, Mohammad Najafi, Cyrus Aghanajafi
Summary: Applying a magnetic field to ferrofluids alters their flow characteristics and enhances heat transfer. Through visualization and quantitative investigation, it is found that the magnetic field influences the flow patterns and velocity profiles, improving fluid mixing and vorticity magnitude.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lei Gao, Bingbing Wei, Xiaochuan Hu, Zaifeng Yao, Yiwen Fang, Xuejian Gao
Summary: In this study, a numerical model of sand triaxial test was established using discrete element software PFC3D, and an indoor triaxial test was conducted to calibrate the numerical model. The influence of microscopic parameters on the macroscopic mechanical response of sand was analyzed. The results showed that the friction coefficient had the greatest impact on the peak strength and residual strength of the sand's stress-strain curve, and it was positively correlated. The normal tangential stiffness ratio was negatively correlated, while the porosity and boundary flexibility stiffness had minimal influence on it.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Xuan Liu, Jie Gong, Kai Jiang, Xiaojuan Lai, Yu Tian, Kang Zhang
Summary: This study aimed to improve the performance of lignite coal water slurries (CWSs) by synthesizing a series of three-arm amphiphilic block copolymers. By controlling the relative molecular weight, hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio, and ionic group content, the apparent viscosity of CWSs was significantly reduced and the static stability was improved. Thermogravimetric testing and XPS analysis were conducted to reveal the mechanism behind the improved performance.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lanka Dinushke Weerasiri, Daniel Fabijanic, Subrat Das
Summary: Fluidization at low pressure offers significant benefits for the fine chemical industry. This study investigates the behavior of bubbles and bed expansion under low pressure conditions. It is found that lower pressure leads to larger bubbles, increased bubble quantity, and higher aspect ratio. The predictability is affected by the inhomogeneous fluidization, but low pressure fluidization can generate similar bubble sizes with lower fluidizing mass compared to atmospheric pressure.