Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Micah B. Aaron, Anna D. Sinaiko
Summary: This study examines aggregate utilization and spending by patients and pharmacy benefit managers on brand-name drug prescriptions dispensed to fully insured and some self-insured patients with commercial insurance in Massachusetts from 2015 to 2017.
Article
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary
Liyang Xiong, Honglei Yu, Zhanqing Wang
Summary: The study finds that in a variety seeking market, consumers' pursuit of variety intensifies competition between firms, especially when their brand awareness is equal. However, if one firm is more well-known than the other, variety seeking behavior weakens competition and leads to differentiated equilibrium strategies. Variety seeking also increases price and service gaps, exaggerating market differentiation.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sean R. Dickson, Tyler Kent
Summary: The study showed minimal uptake of biosimilars and limited price reductions for biologics and biosimilars under current Medicare Part B reimbursement policy. If biologics and biosimilars were subject to the same reimbursement framework as brand-name and generic drugs, estimated Medicare spending on these products would have been 26.6% lower from 2015 to 2019.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Shu-Yuan Zhang, Li-Yuan Tao, Yun-Yun Yang, Tao Kong, Cun-Jin Wu, Yang Wang, Jing-Zhou Chen, Lei Song, Yi-Bo Wang, Ru-Tai Hui, Wei-Li Zhang
Summary: This study compared the long-term antihypertensive efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and cardiovascular outcomes of generic drugs versus brand-name drugs. The results showed no significant differences in blood pressure lowering efficacy and cardiovascular outcomes between the two types of drugs. However, brand-name drugs may have a slight advantage in certain populations in terms of blood pressure control.
CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism
Adam R. Cocco, Thilo Kunkel, Bradley J. Baker
Summary: Most collegiate athletes in the United States monetize their name, image, and likeness (NIL) through social media influencer marketing. This study examines the impact of personal branding and institutional factors on the social media NIL value of men's and women's college basketball athletes in California. The results show significant relationships between social media NIL value and competition level, university brand, sport gender, posting frequency, and account verification.
JOURNAL OF SPORT MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Bo Jiang, Wanhua Cai, Yongwu Dai
Summary: Price competition and quality competition are the main ways to increase and maintain international competitiveness. This study examines the differential impacts of price and quality on the international competitiveness of forest products using the utility function and trade gravity model. The results indicate that forest product price has a significantly negative correlation with international competitiveness, while forest product quality has a significantly positive correlation, with the magnitude of the quality coefficient higher than that of the price coefficient.
Article
Economics
Yingdong Tian, Wensheng Yang, Kun Wen, Dawei Zhang
Summary: This paper examines whether to distribute electronic coupons during the promotional period on an e-commerce platform. The difference in promotional strengths and profit levels between single and double coupons scenarios are analyzed. It is found that in the single coupon scenario, the retailer promotes more when the platform commission rate is increased. In the double coupon scenario, the gains of the manufacturer and platform during the promotional period determine the profit trends, and the platform benefits significantly only when the platform fee is higher.
MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS
(2023)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Patrick Liu, Sanket S. Dhruva, Nilay D. Shah, Joseph S. Ross
Summary: This study investigates the changes in wholesale drug prices for brand-name medications in the US from 2015 to 2020.
Article
Business
Salahuddin Ahmed, Sapna Singh, Nagaraj Samala
Summary: The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of different modes of communication on consumer's brand trust and loyalty intention, and to investigate whether consumer's price consciousness plays a role in the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty. The findings reveal that online reviews are crucial in shaping consumer's brand loyalty through brand trust, even in the presence of strong brand communication. Moreover, price consciousness acts as a significant moderator in the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EMERGING MARKETS
(2023)
Article
Economics
David Granlund
Summary: The study found that during a period of prohibition of discounts, parallel imports had a market share of 16% and were on average 9% cheaper than locally sourced drugs, resulting in a direct saving of 231 million SEK per year. Additionally, parallel imports reduced the prices of products with the same substance by an average of 6%, yielding indirect savings of 421 million SEK per year. When discounts were allowed, the price difference between parallel imports and locally sourced products was reduced to 0.8% and competition from parallel imports no longer significantly affected the list prices of locally sourced products.
HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Shuo-yu Lin, Kyle Baumann, Chenxuan Zhou, Weiyu Zhou, Alison Evans Cuellar, Hong Xue
Summary: The study found that full generic competition of statins was associated with significant cost savings across all major payers within the US health care system.
Article
Management
Leonce Bargeron, Michael Farrell
Summary: This article is only allowed for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Commercial use requires explicit approval from the publisher. The publisher does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of the article.
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Economics
Petyo Bonev, Matthieu Glachant, Magnus Soederberg
Summary: This article examines a novel regulatory mechanism in a setting with multiple local monopolists. The mechanism is based on the assumption that customers form opinions about prices by comparing them with prices set by nearby monopolies and that this comparison influences their behavior. Using a unique dataset of unregulated district heating monopolists in Sweden, the study finds that neighbors' prices have a significant impact on monopolists' pricing behavior, indicating that implicit yardstick competition plays a considerable disciplining role.
Article
Economics
Jihong Xiao, Xian Chen, Yang Li, Fenghua Wen
Summary: This paper examines the impact of oil price uncertainty on stock price crash risk in China and finds that oil price uncertainty increases stock price crash risk. In particular, non-state-owned enterprises are more affected by oil price uncertainty, but its positive impact is significant for both state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises. Further analysis suggests that corporate risk-taking and market competitiveness can moderate the positive impact of oil price uncertainty on stock price crash risk.
Article
Management
Fei Tang, Ying Dai, Zu-Jun Ma, Tsan-Ming Choi
Summary: Trade-in promotions are recognized as effective strategies in retail operations to boost sales. This study examines the impact of brand loyalty on exclusive and nonexclusive trade-in programs and finds that an exclusive trade-in program effectively retains consumers when brand loyalty is weak, while a nonexclusive trade-in program is more likely to attract competitors' consumers. An exclusive trade-in program is the dominant strategy for both firms compared to no trade-in, but a nonexclusive program is better when brand loyalty is strong.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Bryan S. Walsh, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Benjamin N. Rome
Summary: From 2007 to 2019, Medicaid spending on antiretroviral medications for HIV treatment increased by 178%, mainly due to increased usage and higher prices for newer drugs. The inflationary rebates offered by Medicaid did not offset the rising costs of newer and more expensive drugs, resulting in a significant increase in spending.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Economics
Benjamin N. Rome, Alexander C. Egilman, Neeraj G. Patel, Aaron S. Kesselheim
Summary: Brand-name drug manufacturers can market or license authorized generics (AGs), which are the same product sold under a generic name. By contrast, independent generics (IGs) are made by other manufacturers. We used this case study to understand how AGs can affect the length of brand-name exclusivity and robustness of generic competition.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Cristina Richie, Aaron S. Kesselheim, David S. Jones
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Kerstin N. Vokinger, Jerry Avorn, Aaron S. Kesselheim
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Brandon J. Demkowicz, S. Sean Tu, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Michael A. Carrier, William B. Feldman
Summary: Pharmaceutical companies rely on device patents to maintain market exclusivity for brand-name inhalers.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sanket S. Dhruva, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Steven Woloshin, Robin Z. Ji, Zhigang Lu, Jonathan J. Darrow, Rita F. Redberg
Summary: In June 2021, the FDA granted accelerated approval to aducanumab for Alzheimer's disease, which was controversial due to concerns about its basis and lack of clinical benefit. A survey of physicians revealed that a majority of them would not prescribe or recommend aducanumab and reported losing trust in other drugs approved through the accelerated approval program. With more Alzheimer's disease treatments on the horizon, the survey findings shed light on how the FDA's regulatory decisions impact physicians' perspectives and prescribing behavior.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Frazer A. Tessema, Rachel E. Barenie, Jerry Avorn, Aaron S. Kesselheim
Summary: In July 2012, Truvada, an HIV preventive drug, was approved by the FDA. We estimated that the US government spent approximately $143 million in direct funding for the discovery and development of Truvada. This substantial public funding raises concerns about the high price charged by the drug's manufacturer, limiting accessibility and affordability as an HIV preventive therapy.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Benjamin N. Rome, Simon J. Gunter, Aaron S. Kesselheim
Summary: Objective: This study investigated the utilization and timing of authorized generics (AGs) in the market. Results showed that AGs accounted for 4% of Medicaid prescription drug use from 2014 to 2020 and represented a significant market share when available. Among AGs without generic competition before 2014, 35% were introduced at least 1 year before independent generics or had no independent generic competition through December 2020. The findings suggest potential strategies by manufacturers to impact brand-name drug prices and independent generic competition through AGs.
HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
(2023)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
S. Sean Tu, Sarosh Nagar, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Zhigang Lu, Benjamin N. Rome
Summary: This study assesses the sales revenue generated in the first five years for newly launched brand-name drugs, comparing those with and without an initial orphan drug designation.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Sakib Rahman, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Aidan Hollis
Summary: The use of antibiotics increases resistant bacteria, both in patients and the environment. However, the ecological impact of this relationship is not well understood. To develop effective antibiotic policies, understanding the empirical connection between usage and resistance is crucial. This study estimates the effects of antibiotic usage on resistance using national surveillance data from 26 European countries over 11 years. The analysis reveals that resistant bacteria prevalence increases immediately after antibiotic usage and continues to rise for at least 4 years. Decreased usage has little impact on resistance during the same period, and neighboring countries' usage affects resistance independently. The trends in usage-related resistance vary across regions and bacterial classifications in Europe.
JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS
(2023)
Editorial Material
Oncology
Edward R. Scheffer Cliff, Aaron S. Kesselheim, William B. Feldman
Summary: @Eddie_Cliff et al. discuss the scientific and ethical reasons for patients in clinical trials randomized to the control group to 'crossover' and receive the investigational therapy if their disease progresses.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Leigh K. Sharpless, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Serena L. Orr, Jonathan Darrow
Summary: This study assessed the characteristics and variation of endpoints used in trials supporting FDA approval of medications for migraine treatment. The findings revealed inconsistent endpoint selection within the same indication, mechanistic class, and route of administration, making it difficult to directly compare these medications. Inconsistent definitions for episodic and chronic migraine were also observed.
Review
Hematology
Gemma Reynolds, Edward R. Scheffer Cliff, Ghulam Rehman Mohyuddin, Rakesh Popat, Shonali Midha, Melissa Ng Liet Hing, Simon J. Harrison, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Benjamin W. Teh
Summary: Bispecific antibodies, a novel immunotherapy with promising efficacy against multiple myeloma, may increase the risk of infections, especially when targeting BCMA and used in combination with other agents. Vigilant infection screening and prophylaxis strategies are necessary.
Article
Ethics
Victor L. Van de Wiele, Adam Raymakers, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Benjamin N. Rome
Summary: The European Commission's proposal to use transferable exclusivity vouchers (TEVs) to tackle antimicrobial resistance is deeply flawed. Alternatives, such as increased funding for research, implementing advance market commitments funded by a pay-or-play tax, or establishing an EU Fund for Antibiotic Development should be considered by European policymakers and regulators.
JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Lisa Clemans-Cope, Marni Epstein, Jessica Banthin, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Thomas J. Hwang
Summary: The US spends excessively on brand-name prescription drugs compared to other similar countries. This study aims to improve the estimation of Medicaid rebates by analyzing data from 18 top-selling drugs, providing insights into net Medicaid and non-Medicaid spending and prices for brand-name drugs.