Journal
FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT
Volume 36, Issue 6, Pages 893-903Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1595170
Keywords
Lead; cadmium; children; exposure assessment; total diet studies
Ask authors/readers for more resources
Children are at potential risk for adverse effects from lead and cadmium exposures due to the effects of these elements on developing brains. Children's dietary exposures to lead and cadmium were estimated based on lead and cadmium concentration data from FDA's Total Diet Study (TDS) and on food consumption data from What We Eat In America (WWEIA), the food survey portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES). Estimated mean exposures vary based on age range (1-3 y, 4-6 y, or 1-6 y) and on substitution scenarios for values below the limit of detection (non-detects = 0; non-detects = limit of detection; hybrid approach). Estimated mean lead exposures range from 1 to 3.4 mu g/day, with major contributions from grains, fruit, dairy, and mixtures (e.g. hamburgers, pizza, lasagna, soups). Estimated mean cadmium exposures range from 0.38 to 0.44 mu g/kg bw/day, with major contributions from grains, mixtures, and vegetables. Estimated children's lead exposures declined slightly since 2004-08, but cadmium exposures did not decline. No safe level has been identified for lead exposures, and toxicologic reference values for cadmium range from 0.1 to 0.83 mu g/kg bw/day. The data on lead and cadmium exposures, and on contributors to exposures, will inform research and regulatory priorities on mitigation of exposures to lead and cadmium.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available