Synthesis, Structure, and Applications of Lignin-Based Carbon Materials: A Review

Recently, lignin-based carbon materials have received intense attention due to their excellent properties and promising applications. In this article, the up-to-date development of lignin-based carbon materials was reviewed. A variety of the lignin-based carbon materials including carbons materials, carbon fibers, activated carbons, porous carbons, carbon dots, etc, were discussed. Especial attention was paid to the porous carbons such as macroporous, mesoporous, microporous, and hollow spheres. The spinning methods such as electrospinning, dry-spinning, wet-spinning are reviewed for the synthesis of lignin-based carbon materials. The mechanical properties, electrochemical properties, and the applications for electronic devices such as batteries and supercapacitors are also summarized. It is expected that this article will put forward the future developments of these lignin-based carbon materials, which open new high-value pathway of lignin.