Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Nicola Vousden, Marian Knight
Summary: Influenza during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of hospital admission, and there is variability in policies and uptake of immunization globally. Immunization is cost-effective and safe in preventing influenza in pregnant women and their infants.
BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hyesun Jang, Ted M. Ross
Summary: The study found that the humoral response to trivalent seasonal influenza virus vaccines was influenced by rapid antigenic switching of H1 HA. While successful induction of antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine components was observed, a strong immune response against CA/09 H1N1 influenza virus negatively influenced the induction of novel humoral responses to other vaccine strains.
Article
Microbiology
Dennis Maletich Junqueira, Caroline Tochetto, Tavis K. Anderson, Danielle Gava, Vanessa Haach, Mauricio E. Cantao, Amy L. Vincent Baker, Rejane Schaefer
Summary: This study analyzed a large number of H1N1pdm09 gene sequences from humans and swine globally between 2009 and 2022, and found that there was rapid transmission of the virus from humans to swine in Brazil during 2009-2011, but most of the infections in swine were self-limited with limited onward transmission. After 2012, there was a reduction in human-to-swine H1N1pdm09 transmissions in Brazil. The study highlights the dynamic interplay between human-to-swine transmission, antigenic drift, and the establishment of swine-to-swine transmission in shaping the evolution and persistence of H1N1pdm09 in swine populations.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Business, Finance
Di Gong, Tao Jiang, Liping Lu
Summary: This paper empirically analyzes the impact of pandemic on the contracting of bank loans. Using data on syndicated loans during the season of H1N1 Swine Flu, we find that more flu is associated with higher loan spreads and smaller loan size. The adverse impact of pandemic was alleviated by the approval of vaccines.
FINANCE RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Alex Asamoah Ankomah, Aye Moa, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai
Summary: This study examines the development and rollout of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic vaccine and identifies knowledge challenges for COVID-19 vaccination programs and future influenza pandemics. The findings reveal initial high demand, vaccine shortages, skewed distribution towards high-income countries, and low vaccination rates due to low-risk perception, safety concerns, and fear of adverse effects.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Veronica A. Ferrando, Marcel E. Friedrich, Shrey Gandhi, Alexander Mellmann, Doerthe Masemann, Anmari Christersson, Darisuren Anhlan, Linda Brunotte, Monika Stoll, Timm Harder, Martin Beer, Yvonne Boergeling, Stephan Ludwig
Summary: Influenza A viruses, including the H1N1pdm09 virus, cause recurrent epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans. The reassortment of these viruses in swine and their ability to replicate in human lung tissue suggest a possible zoonotic potential. Reassortment frequently occurs in the PB1, PA, and NA segments, resulting in the generation of reassortants that can reach high titers in swine lung cells.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Review
Virology
Gloria Perez-Rubio, Marco Antonio Ponce-Gallegos, Bruno Andre Dominguez-Mazzocco, Jaime Ponce-Gallegos, Roman Alejandro Garcia-Ramirez, Ramces Falfan-Valencia
Summary: Research has shown that genetic susceptibility to Influenza A virus infection is influenced by multiple pathways, including innate immune response, complement activation, and variants in inflammatory response genes. Specific gene polymorphisms such as SNPs play key roles in host immune responses, affecting viral replication and host response, representing important factors in genetic susceptibility to IAV infection.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Zhihong Qian, Dylan H. H. Morris, Annika Avery, Karen A. A. Kormuth, Valerie Le Sage, Michael M. M. Myerburg, James O. O. Lloyd-Smith, Linsey C. C. Marr, Seema S. S. Lakdawala
Summary: Respiratory viruses can be transmitted through contaminated surfaces, or fomites. This study examined the stability of the H1N1 virus on different surface materials at varying humidities. The results showed that the virus was rapidly inactivated on copper, but remained stable on plastics, steel, aluminum, and glass. The stability of the virus was more influenced by the respiratory secretion of the host than the surface material.
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Krista Salo-Tuominen, Tamara Teros-Jaakkola, Laura Toivonen, Helena Ollila, Paivi Rautava, Minna Aromaa, Elina Lahti, Niina Junttila, Ville Peltola
Summary: The study investigated the association between parental socioeconomic and psychosocial factors and the uptake of the 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine in children. It found that children of younger and less educated mothers had a lower rate of vaccine uptake. However, the individual or relational psychosocial well-being of parents was not associated with children's vaccination.
Review
Pathology
Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Thijs Kuiken
Summary: In the past decade, two pandemics caused by H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses have emerged, both originating from animals and leading to potential reverse zoonosis. Despite few reports of reverse zoonosis events with COVID-19, comparing with the H1N1 pandemic can provide insights into the possible consequences for public and animal health. The factors contributing to successful crossing of host species barriers in both pandemics include interactions between infected humans and recipient animals, host factors suitable for virus infection, and host populations allowing viral persistence.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Helen E. Everett, Pauline M. van Diemen, Mario Aramouni, Andrew Ramsay, Vivien J. Coward, Vincent Pavot, Laetitia Canini, Barbara Holzer, Sophie Morgan, Mark E. J. Woolhouse, Elma Tchilian, Sharon M. Brookes, Ian H. Brown, Bryan Charleston, Sarah Gilbert
Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy of different vaccines in reducing nasal shedding in pigs following pH1N1 virus challenge and their transmission to naive, directly in-contact pigs. Vaccines containing homologous HA significantly reduced virus shedding, yet transmission still occurred to susceptible cohoused recipients. The findings are crucial for informing disease surveillance and control strategies and determining necessary vaccine coverage for disease moderation or herd protection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jiapei Yu, Hui Li, Ju Jia, Zhisheng Huang, Shuai Liu, Ying Zheng, Shengrui Mu, Xiaoyan Deng, Xiaohui Zou, Yeming Wang, Xiao Shang, Dan Cui, Lixue Huang, Xiaoxuan Feng, William J. Liu, Bin Cao
Summary: Despite the use of vaccines and anti-viral drugs, influenza A virus still poses a significant epidemic risk to global public health. Through single-cell transcriptome analyses, we have identified the high heterogeneity of susceptibility to viral infection and biological responses in different subsets of CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells. Effector memory CD8(+) T cells (CD8(+) T-EM) were found to be the most susceptible subset to pandemic influenza A virus infection among primary human T cells. Non-productive infection was established in CD8(+) T-EM and naive CD8(+) T cells, indicating the mechanisms of intracellular antiviral activities in human T cells.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Seungwon Kim, Margaret Carrel, Andrew Kitchen
Summary: Identifying the spatial patterns of genetic structure of influenza A viruses is important for understanding their spread. This study analyzed the genetic sequences of the A/H1N1pdm09 virus in mainland China and found that there is high genetic similarity among viruses within small geographic regions, but broad-scale genetic differentiation. Local viral circulation has a greater impact on the spatial genetic structure of the virus than countrywide viral mixing and gene flow.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Beatriz Vidana, Sharon M. Brookes, Helen E. Everett, Fanny Garcon, Alejandro Nunez, Othmar Engelhardt, Diane Major, Katja Hoschler, Ian H. Brown, Maria Zambon
Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy of two licensed A(H1N1)pdm09 inactivated vaccines in ferrets as a pre-clinical model for human disease intervention. Results showed that vaccine V1 limited viral shedding and reduced lower respiratory tract infection, while vaccine V2 did not control infection, leading to sustained viral shedding and delayed lower respiratory infection with lower efficacy.
INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
(2021)
Article
Virology
Yan-Na Xiao, Fei-Yuan Yu, Qian Xu, Jiang Gu
Summary: This study investigated the expression of influenza virus receptors in the human placenta and found that it is susceptible to 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1/09) infection. The study highlights the importance of protecting pregnant women from infection during influenza season.
Article
Virology
Vishwanatha R. A. P. Reddy, Elle A. Campbell, Joanna Wells, Jennifer Simpson, Salik Nazki, Philippa C. Hawes, Andrew J. Broadbent
Summary: Birnaviridae virus factories are not membrane bound, exhibit properties consistent with liquid-liquid phase separation, and are distinct from the paracrystalline arrays observed by transmission electron microscopy.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Kanta Subbarao
Summary: We have been fortunate to avoid the co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 since 2020, but this situation is likely to change.
MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA
(2022)
Article
Virology
Annette Fox, Louise Carolan, Vivian Leung, Hoang Vu Mai Phuong, Arseniy Khvorov, Maria Auladell, Yeu-Yang Tseng, Pham Quang Thai, Ian Barr, Kanta Subbarao, Le Thi Quynh Mai, H. Rogier van Doorn, Sheena G. Sullivan
Summary: Prior vaccination and infection have different effects on the immunogenicity and effectiveness of influenza vaccines. In this study, prior infection enhanced vaccine immunogenicity, while prior vaccination attenuated it. Comparing antibody responses to A(H3N2) viruses, it was found that prior infection increased antibody titers, while prior vaccination decreased them. This study highlights the importance of considering the immunological history when developing new vaccine strains.
Editorial Material
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Brad Gilbertson, Kanta Subbarao
Summary: An influenza vaccine is created by attenuating the live virus through targeted proteolysis.
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Vishwanatha R. A. P. Reddy, Salik Nazki, Andrew J. Brodrick, Amin Asfor, Joanna Urbaniec, Yasmin Morris, Andrew J. Broadbent
Summary: There is a need to evaluate the ability of vaccines to neutralize diverse IBDV genogroups and to better understand the relationship between HVR sequence, structure, and antigenicity. Here, we used a chicken B-cell line to rescue a panel of chimeric IBDVs with the HVR from seven diverse IBDV field strains and to conduct neutralization assays and protein modeling. Our novel chicken B-cell rescue system and neutralization assay can be used to screen IBDV vaccine candidates, platforms, and regimens for the breadth of neutralizing antibody responses elicited, evaluate the antigenic relatedness of diverse IBDV strains, and when coupled with structural modeling, elucidate immunodominant and conserved epitopes to strategically design novel IBDV vaccines in the future.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Troy C. Sutton, Elaine W. Lamirande, Devanshi R. Patel, Katherine E. E. Johnson, Rita Czako, Elodie Ghedin, Raphael T. C. Lee, Sebastian Maurer-Stroh, Kanta Subbarao
Summary: Through sequential rounds of airborne transmission experiments in ferrets, it has been confirmed that viruses infected through the respiratory route can continue to spread in ferrets, but the transmission efficiency varies depending on the virus strain. Emerging avian influenza viruses can also transmit between ferrets through sequential transmission.
Article
Virology
Leo Yi Yang Lee, Randy Suryadinata, Conor McCafferty, Vera Ignjatovic, Damian F. J. Purcell, Phil Robinson, Craig J. Morton, Michael W. Parker, Gary P. Anderson, Paul Monagle, Kanta Subbarao, Jessica A. Neil
Summary: The research found that heparin can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal epithelial cells by blocking virus entry and replication. Additionally, the researchers developed a PCR detection method that can be used for virus detection in clinical studies.
Article
Virology
Amin S. Asfor, Vishwanatha R. A. P. Reddy, Salik Nazki, Joanna Urbaniec, Andrew J. Brodrick, Andrew J. Broadbent
Summary: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines do not provide sterilizing immunity and can lead to infection in vaccinated birds. Vaccine-induced immune selection pressure drives the evolution of antigenic drift variants that accumulate amino acid changes in the VP2 capsid's hypervariable region (HVR), potentially causing vaccine failures. However, little is known about the rate of mutation emergence and the contribution of different residues to immune escape.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Andrew J. Brodrick, Andrew J. Broadbent
Summary: The use of IBDV reverse genetics revealed that VF are biomolecular condensates consistent with LLPS. VP3 likely initiates VF formation, which contains VP1 and dsRNA genome and serves as the site for viral RNA synthesis. The VF recruit cellular proteins, creating an optimal environment for viral replication and grow by synthesis of viral components, protein recruitment, and coalescence of multiple VFs. This review summarizes the current knowledge of VF formation, properties, composition, and processes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Brad Gilbertson, Kanta Subbarao
Summary: There is a widespread and unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses in bird species on five continents, with infections also reported in mammals, most likely caused by consuming infected birds. The increase in H5N1 virus infections in different species could lead to the emergence of new viral variants that may adapt to mammals and potentially humans. It is crucial to monitor and assess the presence of mutations in mammalian-origin H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that could increase their risk for human pandemics. Although there have been a limited number of human cases so far, the infection of mammals provides opportunities for the virus to acquire mutations that enhance infection, replication, and spread in mammals, which were not observed in the past viruses.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury, Steffen S. Docken, Kanta Subbarao, Stephen J. Kent, Miles P. Davenport, Deborah Cromer
Summary: Booster vaccination is necessary to combat waning immunity and variants of SARS-CoV-2. Data on neutralization titers from multiple sources suggest that using ancestral vaccines can enhance protection against symptomatic and severe disease caused by variant viruses. Variant-modified vaccines may provide additional benefits. This study provides evidence-based guidance for future COVID-19 vaccine regimens.
Article
Virology
Brad Gilbertson, Melanie Duncan, Kanta Subbarao
Summary: This review discusses the crucial role of viral polymerase in host adaptation of influenza A viruses (IAV), focusing on the interactions between viral polymerase genes and host factors. The known viral mutations and the adaptation of avian IAV to mammalian hosts are also highlighted.
CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Salik Nazki, Vishwanatha R. A. P. Reddy, Nitin Kamble, Jean-Remy Sadeyen, Munir Iqbal, Shahriar Behboudi, Holly Shelton, Andrew J. Broadbent
Summary: This study suggests that CD4(+)TGF beta(+) cells infiltrate the bursa of Fabricius (BF) following IBDV infection and are associated with delayed virus clearance. However, the increase of CD4(+)TGF beta(+) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)TGF beta(+) cells is not correlated with increased pathogenicity or immunosuppression.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Marilou H. Barrios, Suellen Nicholson, Rowena A. Bull, Marianne Martinello, William Rawlinson, Michael Mina, Jeffrey J. Post, Bernard Hudson, Nicole Gilroy, Andrew R. Lloyd, Pamela Konecny, Francesca Mordant, Mike Catton, Kanta Subbarao, Leon Caly, Julian Druce, Hans J. Netter
Summary: Serological diagnostic assays are crucial for understanding an individual's immunity to SARS-CoV-2, tracking the virus spread, and evaluating population immunity. Through a dot blot assay, researchers compared the antibody profiles of individuals with different severities of COVID-19 and found patient-specific differences in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. These findings highlight the variability in the antibody response and the importance of considering individual differences when assessing protective antibody status.
Article
Immunology
Nicole L. Messina, Susie Germano, Rebecca McElroy, Rajeev Rudraraju, Rhian Bonnici, Laure F. Pittet, Melanie R. Neeland, Suellen Nicholson, Kanta Subbarao, Nigel Curtis
Summary: BCG vaccination has immunomodulatory effects on SARS-CoV-2 and reduces the secretion of cytokines associated with severe COVID-19. In addition, BCG vaccination promotes specific T cell immune responses and activates eosinophils.
CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
