Article
Biology
Saleem U. Rahman, Ghulam Raza, Muhammad Zubair, Nasim Ahmed, Leslie L. Domier, Nousheen Jamil, Shahid Mansoor, Imran Amin
Summary: During a routine inspection in Faisalabad, Pakistan, begomovirus infection was found on soybean plants. Multiple bipartite and monopartite begomoviruses, including Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus, Mungbean yellow mosaic virus, Pedilanthus leaf curl virus, Cherry tomato leaf curl virus, Tomato leaf curl Kerala virus, and Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus, were identified. The presence of alphasatellites and betasatellites associated with begomoviruses was also investigated. The infection of these multiple begomoviruses and satellites poses a serious threat to soybean and other legume crop production, highlighting the need for developing resistant cultivars in future breeding programs.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Cesar A. D. Xavier, Marcio T. Godinho, Talita B. Mar, Camila G. Ferro, Osvaldo F. L. Sande, Jose C. Silva, Roberto Ramos-Sobrinho, Renato N. Nascimento, Iraildes Assuncao, Gaus S. A. Lima, Alison T. M. Lima, F. Murilo Zerbini
Summary: Several key evolutionary events have led to the emergence of geminiviruses with divided genomes, represented by the Begomovirus genus. These viruses show differential responses to evolutionary processes, with DNA-B being more permissive to variation and recombination compared to DNA-A. Despite geographic segregation, there are differences in genetic structure between DNA-A and DNA-B, belonging to distinct genetic clusters.
Review
Plant Sciences
Manoj Kumar Nalla, Roland Schafleitner, Hanu R. Pappu, Derek W. Barchenger
Summary: Chilli leaf curl virus disease caused by begomoviruses is a major threat to global chilli production, and breeding for resistance is the most effective method to mitigate losses. This review discusses the current situation of the disease and associated viruses, as well as the challenges faced by breeders and growers. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches and the complicated connections between the host plant, vector, and virus are emphasized.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Virology
Alvin Crespo-Bellido, J. Steen Hoyer, Divya Dubey, Ronica B. Jeannot, Siobain Duffy
Summary: Begomoviruses significantly impact crop production and food security worldwide by emerging new genotypes through high mutation frequencies and recombination. Recombination has driven speciation in the cassava mosaic begomovirus species complex, significantly impacting genetic diversity. CMD caused by these viruses poses a significant threat to cassava production in Africa and Asia.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Rafaela S. Fontenele, Amulya Bhaskara, Ilaria N. Cobb, Lucas C. Majure, Andrew M. Salywon, Jesus A. Avalos-Calleros, Gerardo R. Arguello-Astorga, Kara Schmidlin, Philippe Roumagnac, Simone G. Ribeiro, Simona Kraberger, Darren P. Martin, Pierre Lefeuvre, Arvind Varsani
Summary: The study identified Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WCSV) in samples from Cactaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Lamiaceae plants. The detection of these viruses in cactus plants suggests possible spillover events from agricultural areas into native vegetation. The study also highlights the need for more surveillance of WCSV in the USA as it poses a serious threat to watermelon cultivation.
Article
Microbiology
Aarshi Srivastava, Vineeta Pandey, Anurag Kumar Sahu, Dinesh Yadav, Abdullah M. Al-Sadi, Muhammad Shafiq Shahid, R. K. Gaur
Summary: This study analyzed the genomic variation, mutation, evolution rate, and recombination of papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCD) in India, revealing the complexity and successful adaptation of the disease. The findings showed high rates of nucleotide substitution mutation and frequent recombination in the viral and sub-viral genomes. Additionally, a high degree of genetic variability and population selection were observed, indicating the emergence of diverse and purified viruses and betasatellites. The study highlights the importance of genetic variation and selection in the spread and evolution of Begomovirus and provides insights for future evolution trend analysis and disease control strategies.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Plant Sciences
Muhammad Amir Qureshi, Aamir Lal, Muhammad Shah Nawaz-ul-Rehman, Thuy Thi Bich Vo, Gusti Ngurah Prabu Wira Sanjaya, Phuong Thi Ho, Bupi Nattanong, Eui-Joon Kil, Shah Mohammad Hemayet Jahan, Kyeong-Yeoll Lee, Chi-Wei Tsai, Hang Thi Dao, Trinh Xuan Hoat, Tin-Tin Aye, Nang Kyu Win, Jangha Lee, Sang-Mok Kim, Sukchan Lee
Summary: Plant viruses are responsible for devastating plant diseases worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The emergence of new begomoviruses, a genus of plant viruses transmitted by insects, has become a major concern due to their increasing host range and geographical expansion. Four highly destructive begomoviruses from Asia have been identified, causing massive economic losses in Europe. Understanding the characteristics of these emerging viruses is crucial for implementing preventive measures.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marc Deletre, Jean-Michel Lett, Ronan Sulpice, Charles Spillane
Summary: Kinship systems influence the genetic structure of plant virus populations through seed exchange networks, with contrasting patterns of viral diversity in patrilineal and matrilineal communities. Social factors shape regional seed exchange networks and impact the genetic structure of plant virus populations.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Agronomy
Muhammad Salman Mubarik, Xiukang Wang, Sultan Habibullah Khan, Aftab Ahmad, Zulqurnain Khan, Muhammad Waqas Amjid, Muhammad Khuram Razzaq, Zulfiqar Ali, Muhammad Tehseen Azhar
Summary: Targeting multiple sites in the CLCuV genome using CRISPR-Cas9 system can result in more effective interference with virus proliferation, with low recovery efficiency of altered virus molecules. Simultaneously targeting multiple CLCuV genes in plants can enhance resistance against virus infection, and in cotton can significantly decrease virus accumulation.
GM CROPS & FOOD-BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND THE FOOD CHAIN
(2021)
News Item
Virology
Joao Paulo Herrera da Silva, Franciely Maria Pereira de Resende, Jose Cleydson Ferreira da Silva, Soledad de Breuil, Claudia Nome, Nicolas Bejerman, Francisco Murilo Zerbini
Summary: The phylum Cressdnaviricota consists of viruses with single-stranded, circular DNA genomes that encode an HUH-type endonuclease (Rep). A twelfth family, Amesuviridae, has been created in the order Mulpavirales, class Arfiviricetes of the phylum Cressdnaviricota. This family includes viruses that infect plants and is divided into two genera: Temfrudevirus and Yermavirus.
ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mirza S. Baig, Sadia Akhtar, Jawaid A. Khan
Summary: In this study, a RNAi-mediated approach was used to generate transgenic cotton plants resistant to Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) caused by begomoviruses. The expression of C4-gene derived siRNA was confirmed in transgenic plants, leading to a delay in virus and betasatellite detection. The transgenic lines showed no typical CLCuD symptoms even up to 60 days post inoculation.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Agronomy
Premchand Udavatha, Raghavendra K. Mesta, Mantapla Puttappa Basavarajappa, Venkataravanappa Venkataravanappa, Venkatappa Devappa, Lakshminarayana Reddy C. Narasimha Reddy, Kodegandlu Subbanna Shankarappa
Summary: Papaya is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions, and papaya leaf curl disease is a major concern. A survey in Karnataka, India, found that the disease incidence ranged from 10% to 21%. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of variants of Chilli leaf curl virus and other begomoviruses.
Review
Biology
Fangfang Li, Rui Qiao, Zhanqi Wang, Xiuling Yang, Xueping Zhou
Summary: This article summarizes the occurrence and distribution of geminiviruses in China, providing valuable information for further research and management of the virus.
SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Virology
Minor R. Maliano, Maria R. Rojas, Monica A. Macedo, Natalia Barboza, Robert L. Gilbertson
Summary: Tomato production in Costa Rica has been affected by diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses since the late 1980s. The invasive viruses, including tomato yellow mottle virus (ToYMoV), tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSiV), and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), have established in Costa Rica and cause severe tomato diseases. The study found that mixed infections of these viruses in tomato plants result in more severe symptoms compared to single infections.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bunmi Olasanmi, Martina Kyallo, Nasser Yao
Summary: Utilizing genomic-assisted selection can reduce time and cost in cassava breeding programs. By combining marker data and CMDSS data, resistant genotypes with potential for other desirable traits were selected for further evaluation in advanced stages, shortening the breeding program period.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Editorial Material
Plant Sciences
Afzal Akram, Aqsa Hafeez Khan, Shahid Mansoor, Peter Moffett, Rob W. Briddon, Muhammad Saeed
JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Sara Shakir, Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi, Franciska T. de Vries, Shahid Mansoor
Summary: The phyllosphere microbial communities interact with host plants through complex molecular interactions, with researchers exploring how the host genotype shapes these communities and seeking stable and well-adapted microbiomes. Understanding the assembly and function of phyllosphere microbiomes is crucial for harnessing them to improve plant growth and health in managed systems.
TRENDS IN GENETICS
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Muhammad Farooq, Aalt D. J. van Dijk, Harm Nijveen, Mark G. M. Aarts, Willem Kruijer, Nguyen Thu-Phuong, Shahid Mansoor, Dick de Ridder
Summary: Prediction of growth-related complex traits in crop breeding has been revolutionized by technological advancements in genomics and phenomics. Incorporating prior biological knowledge can improve genomic prediction accuracy, with the effectiveness depending on the trait, type of knowledge, and trait heritability. Transcriptomics provides additional evidence for improvement when defining functional gene groups.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2021)
Article
Agronomy
Nasim Ahmed, Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi, Imran Amin, Brian E. Scheffler, Shahid Mansoor
Summary: The global spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus poses a threat to tomato production in tropical and sub-tropical regions, with a new species Tomato leaf curl Oman virus identified in Oman. In Pakistan, Tomato leaf curl disease symptoms were observed in tomato plants, with the presence of ToLCOMV-PK and associated ToLCB causing enhanced symptoms and virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Muhammad Khuram Razzaq, Muqadas Aleem, Shahid Mansoor, Mueen Alam Khan, Saeed Rauf, Shahid Iqbal, Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Summary: Through omics and CRISPR-Cas9 technology, plants can better respond to various stress conditions, thereby improving crop yield and quality.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Muhammad Asif, Hamid Anees Siddiqui, Rubab Zahra Naqvi, Imran Amin, Shaheen Asad, Zahid Mukhtar, Aftab Bashir, Shahid Mansoor
Summary: The article discusses the cultivation of Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac in Pakistan and the development of insect resistant NIBGE-1601 cotton harboring double gene Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab construct. Event characterization of NIBGE-1601 was conducted using PCR technology. The development of highly specific event detection primers for NIBGE-1601 will aid in breeding new cotton varieties resistant to cotton bollworms.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Amna Rafiq, Ayesha Taj, Sibtain Haider, Muhammad Ali Tahir, Rabisa Zia, Despina Moschou, M. Javed Iqbal, Waheed S. Khan, Shahid Mansoor, Sadia Z. Bajwa, Imran Amin
Summary: The study presents novel microchip-based electronic devices for efficient and sensitive detection of a predominant cotton infecting virus worldwide. The three-dimensional copper nanostructures reinforced graphene nanohybrid is developed via a biological synthesis approach, providing a successful interface for anchoring virus DNA probes. This research suggests the potential of nanotechnology-based microchips for designing benchmark interfaces for monitoring agricultural pathogens and bio-threats.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Yao Chi, Li-Long Pan, Shu-Sheng Liu, Shahid Mansoor, Xiao-Wei Wang
Summary: The study identified the whitefly protein Vta1 as playing a crucial role in the transmission of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV), with interactions varying among different whitefly species. Vta1 positively regulated CLCuMuV acquisition and transmission in Asia II 1 whiteflies, while interactions with the virus coat protein differed between Asia II 1 and MEAM1 whiteflies.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Sohail Akhtar, Muhammad Nouman Tahir, Imran Amin, Shahid Mansoor
Summary: This study developed a new approach based on RNAi to combat cotton leaf curl disease, successfully reducing the titer of the virus and betasatellite. The research demonstrates that sustainable resistance can be achieved in cotton by generating siRNAs and enhancing resistance.
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Baoshun Shao, Hui Sun, Muhammad Jamil Ahmad, Nasser Ghanem, Hamdy Abdel-Shafy, Chao Du, Tingxian Deng, Shahid Mansoor, Yang Zhou, Yifen Yang, Shujun Zhang, Liguo Yang, Guohua Hua
Summary: This review classified and summarized reproductive traits of bovine and buffalo, including heritability estimates, molecular markers, and genomic selection. There were wide differences in heritability estimates for reproductive traits among different populations.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Maddiha Riaz, Muhammad Zubair, Saleem Ur Rahman, Shahid Mansoor
JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
M. S. Shahid, S. Mansoor, J. K. Brown, R. W. Briddon
Summary: The study demonstrates that betasatellites can enhance the virulence of bipartite begomoviruses, even for isolates that induce quite mild symptoms. The presence of tobacco leaf curl betasatellite was associated with more severe symptoms and a shorter latent period except in the presence of the DNA-A and DNA-B components of the severe type. These findings suggest that mutations in the DNA-B component from the severe type may be responsible for the differences in the effects of the virus components between the two isolates.
TROPICAL PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Nasim Ahmed, Imran Amin, Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi, Saleem Ur Rahman, Muhammad Farooq, Claude Maurice Fauquet, Shahid Mansoor
Summary: The research utilized a newly developed sequencing method to determine the genetic diversity of Cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan, identifying major strains of the virus and satellite complexes, while also discovering certain satellite virus strains for the first time in cotton.
BIOLOGY METHODS & PROTOCOLS
(2021)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Amna Rafiq, Waqas Rafique Ali, Muhammad Asif, Nasim Ahmed, Waheed S. Khan, Shahid Mansoor, Sadia Zafar Bajwa, Imran Amin
Summary: A robust method using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), with results showing its effectiveness when performed at 58 degrees Celsius using 100ng of total plant tissue DNA as a template. This assay proved to be advantageous for the rapid and early point-of-care detection of CLCuD in the field, potentially helping to prevent huge economic losses and contribute to the socio-economic development of underdeveloped countries.
BIOLOGY METHODS & PROTOCOLS
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Muhammad Zubair, Saleem Ur Rahman, Ishtiaq Hassan, Azhar Hussain Shah, Imran Amin, Shahid Mansoor
Summary: The study investigates the genetic diversity of cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) by analyzing different Pakistani isolates of betasatellites, revealing recombination within the genome and dividing the sequences into five major groups associated with different epidemics of cotton leaf curl disease. The findings shed light on the evolution of CLCuMuB and its significance in the CLCuD complex.
AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Mohamed S. H. Hassan, Ahmed Ali, Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud, Danah Altakrouni, Shahnas M. Najimudeen, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Summary: This study compared the efficacy of different vaccination programs against Canadian DMV/1639 IBV and found that the autogenous inactivated DMV/1639 vaccine was more effective in reducing viral loads and boosting virus neutralization titers. Both vaccination programs provided significant protection against pathological effects.
Article
Virology
Wanda Christ, Jonas Klingstrom, Janne Tynell
Summary: The integrated stress response (ISR) is activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, triggering translational arrest and inhibiting stress granule formation. However, the stress-responsive transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP are not induced. Different SARS-CoV-2 variants show variant-specific differences in ISR activation, suggesting potential impacts on pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
Article
Virology
Xiao Han, Hankun Xu, Yifan Weng, Rong Chen, Jidong Xu, Tong Cao, Renjie Sun, Ying Shan, Fang He, Weihuan Fang, Xiaoliang Li
Summary: Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) can inhibit the host innate immunity by decreasing the level of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and CSFV Npro can evade host antiviral immune response through upregulating HMGB1 acetylation.
Article
Virology
Sunjian Lyu, Fulei Xiong, Tianpeng Qi, Weifeng Shen, Qi Guo, Mingming Han, Li Liu, Weishao Bu, Julin Yuan, Bao Lou
Summary: This study identified and characterized a novel temperate A. hydrophila phage, P05B, which has strong lytic ability and stability across different temperatures and pH values.
Article
Virology
Siyuan Liu, Wei Chen, Raphael Nyaruaba, Shunlong Wang, Cihan Yang, Qun Wu, Ying Liu, Puyu Liu, Fei Wang, Jingling Wang, Zhiming Yuan, Dingwei Sun, Han Xia
Summary: Specific, sensitive, and reliable RT-qPCR assays for the detection of OYAV and EBIV have been successfully developed in this study. These assays hold great promise for their potential application in clinical and field samples in the future.
Article
Virology
Rui Wang, Qiang Sun, Jinbo Xiao, Congcong Wang, Xiaoliang Li, Jichen Li, Yang Song, Huanhuan Lu, Ying Liu, Shuangli Zhu, Zhijun Liu, Yong Zhang
Summary: Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has emerged as an important agent causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Mutations in residue 64 of the virus have been found to increase resistance to ribavirin and decrease sensitivity to guanidine hydrochloride. This mutation also leads to increased replication fidelity and reduced pathogenicity. These findings provide a foundation for the development of a safe and effective live attenuated CVA6 vaccine.
Article
Virology
Yao Xiong, Keran Ma, Xiao Zou, Yantao Liang, Kaiyang Zheng, Tiancong Wang, Hong Zhang, Yue Dong, Ziyue Wang, Yundan Liu, Hongbing Shao, Andrew Mcminn, Min Wang
Summary: This study isolated a novel virus, vB_VviC_ZQ26, infecting Vibrio cyclitrophicus from coastal waters near Qingdao, China. It was found that vB_VviC_ZQ26 belongs to a new vibriophage-specific family, Coheviridae, and is mainly found in temperate and tropical epipelagic zones.
Article
Virology
Xing Li, Zhiping Ye, Ewan P. Plant
Summary: By analyzing clinical and cultured samples using the same bioinformatic pipeline, it was found that 5' copyback DVGs are prevalent in human clinical samples but not in cultured samples. Furthermore, there are differences in DVG production and composition between in vivo and in vitro infections.
Article
Virology
Shreya Banerjee, Rakesh Sarkar, Arpita Mukherjee, Suvrotoa Mitra, Animesh Gope, Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
Summary: Rotavirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and continues to be a severe issue in underdeveloped nations. Recent research has shown that a long non-coding RNA called SLC7A11-AS1 is upregulated during rotavirus infection and plays a role in facilitating the virus's propagation by regulating intracellular glutathione and lipid peroxidation.
Article
Virology
Eiichi Hondo, Tetsufumi Katta, Ayato Sato, Naoya Kadofusa, Tomoki Ishibashi, Hiroshi Shimoda, Hirokazu Katoh, Atsuo Iida
Summary: Bat-borne emerging viruses, such as the Ebola virus and Nipah virus, pose a significant threat to public health. In this study, we identified micafungin as a potential antiviral drug against Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) and found that it inhibits viral release in human cells through activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway. This research provides valuable insights into the development of effective treatments for future virus pandemics.
Article
Virology
M. Joubert, N. van den Berg, J. Theron, V. Swart
Summary: This study investigated the host gene expression in asymptomatic avocado nursery trees infected with Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) using RNA sequencing. The results showed that 631 genes were differentially expressed during infection, with 63% upregulated. ASBVd infection significantly affected plant defence responses, phytohormone networks, gene expression pathways, secondary metabolism, cellular transport, as well as protein modification and degradation. This study provides insights into the molecular interactions underlying avsunviroid-host interactions.
Article
Virology
Wanling Zhang, Haiyan Yang, Zhengyun Liu, Shengyu Wang, Tianyang Chen, Hong Song, Yunbin Xu, Fajin Li, Guo Luo, Huan Wang
Summary: EV71 infection leads to changes in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in human neuroblastoma cells, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction that may contribute to nervous system dysfunction.
Article
Virology
Mikhail Oliveira Leastro, Elliot Watanabe Kitajima, Vicente Pallas, Jesus Angel Sanchez- Navarro
Summary: This study reports the construction and validation of an infectious cDNA clone of Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) based on an agroinfection system. Agro-injected Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed localized lesions similar to the natural infection process. The virus recovered from the infected plant tissue could be mechanically transmitted between plants. The CiLV-C reverse genetic system provides a powerful molecular tool for unraveling the peculiarities of the citrus leprosis pathosystem.
Article
Virology
Manel Essaidi-Laziosi, Francisco J. Perez-Rodriguez, Catia Alvarez, Pascale Sattonnet-Roche, Giulia Torriani, Meriem Bekliz, Kenneth Adea, Matthias Lenk, Tasnim Suliman, Wolfgang Preiser, Marcel A. Mueller, Christian Drosten, Laurent Kaiser, Isabella Eckerle
Summary: This study found that the Omicron variant has different replication characteristics compared to other variants of concern, being able to efficiently produce infectious virus in nasal cells but not lung cells. In addition, the Delta and Omicron variants showed increased infection efficiency in A549 cells. These findings suggest that the variants of concern have better adaptation to humans but do not have an extended host range.
Article
Virology
Martin Faye, Modeste Name Faye, Babacar Ndiaye, Moussa Moise Diagne, Safietou Sankhe, Ndeye Marieme Top, Amadou Diallo, Cheikh Loucoubar, Ndongo Dia, Amadou Alpha Sall, Ousmane Faye
Summary: Genomic surveillance in Senegal since March 2020 has detected the emergence of Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 sublineages in June 2022. Next-generation sequencing and phylogeny analysis of isolates from a cluster of cases in Northern Senegal in July 2022 revealed that the BA.4 cases originated from a XAS recombinant, marking the first reported sequence of this variant from Senegal. Continuous genomic surveillance of positive SARS-CoV-2 samples is crucial.