Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Pascal Kaienburg, Anna Jungbluth, Irfan Habib, Sameer Vajjala Kesava, Mathias Nyman, Moritz K. Riede
Summary: Vacuum-thermal evaporation (VTE) is an important fabrication route for organic solar cells (OSCs) and can reach high extinction coefficients, but only moderate carrier mobility and voltage loss compared to solution-processed counterparts. Improvement is needed for VTE OSCs to catch up in terms of power conversion efficiency.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Maria Belen Camarada, Cesar Saldias, Carmen Castro-Castillo, Felipe A. Angel
Summary: 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene was used as a precursor for the electro-synthesis of oligothiophenes, which were then applied as donor materials in vacuum-processed organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. The electro-polymerization conditions were optimized to obtain controlled polydisperse oligomers, and the polydispersity was reduced during thermal evaporation. This study demonstrates the potential of oligothiophenes synthesized via electro-synthesis as active materials for bulk heterojunction OPV devices.
Review
Energy & Fuels
Juhwan Lee, Kyungmin Lee, Kyungkon Kim, Nam-Gyu Park
Summary: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), based on inexpensive organic-inorganic hybrid semiconductors, are regarded as a promising next-generation solar cell technology. Efficient and scalable fabrication methods are crucial for the commercialization of PSCs. While solution-based methods have been widely studied for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, vacuum-based methods are still necessary for achieving reproducibility and uniformity in large-area production. In this review, the precursor and charge transporting materials, as well as various preparation methods for vacuum-processed PSCs, are introduced to provide insights for the commercialization of PSCs.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
J. D. Gamez, H. Martinez-Sanchez, J. L. Valenzuela, L. Marin, L. A. Rodriguez, E. Snoeck, L. E. Zamora, G. A. Perez Alcazar, J. A. Tabares
Summary: Polycrystalline tau-MnAlC thin films were successfully produced using thermal evaporation technique, showing a high concentration of the desired s-phase and nanocrystalline grains with an average size of 9 nm. The film with the highest concentration of s-MnAlC exhibited superparamagnetic-like behavior, which is crucial for the development of actuators and magnetic field sensors.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Pascal Kaienburg, Helen Bristow, Anna Jungbluth, Irfan Habib, Iain McCulloch, David Beljonne, Moritz Riede
Summary: The advent of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has achieved over 19% power conversion efficiency in laboratory organic photovoltaics (OPVs). However, high-efficiency NFAs have only been realized in solution-processed blends. Vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) is crucial for real-world OPV commercialization due to its successful track record in upscaled industrial production. In this study, we demonstrate that using VTE donors with NFAs instead of the current standard acceptor C-60 can significantly reduce voltage losses, highlighting the immense potential of evaporable NFAs and the urgent need for smaller, evaporable compounds.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Nurul Ridho Al Amin, Chih-Chien Lee, Yu-Chen Huang, Chun-Jen Shih, Richie Estrada, Sajal Biring, Meng-Hsueh Kuo, Chia-Feng Li, Yu-Ching Huang, Shun-Wei Liu
Summary: In this study, a highly stable photodetector was fabricated using Cs0.06FA0.94Pb(I0.68Br0.32)3 perovskite material through an all-vacuum process. The photodetector achieved a high current density under standard solar illumination and maintained a low current density at zero bias voltage. The device showed comparable performance to a silicon-based photodetector and maintained 95% of its initial performance after 960 hours of continuous exposure. The outstanding results were attributed to the all-vacuum deposition process, which provided a film with high stability and good uniformity, delaying the degradation process. Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the degradation mechanism and understand the charge dynamics in the photodetector under different exposure times.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Joo-Hong Lee, Byung Soon Kim, Jinkyun Park, Jin-Wook Lee, Kyungkon Kim
Summary: Developing a scalable fabrication process for perovskite solar cells is crucial for the market readiness of perovskite photovoltaic technology. While solution-based scalable processes have received most research efforts, vacuum thermal evaporation processes, despite their advantages, have not been extensively studied. This article discusses the possible opportunities and challenges in utilizing vacuum thermal evaporation for mass production of large-area perovskite solar modules, highlighting the need for further research.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Textiles
Yoonjay Han, Kyung-Hoon Han, Jang-Joo Kim
Summary: A new method for light extraction of TEOLEDs using DAAQ nanowire arrays is proposed, which can effectively improve the external quantum efficiency of TEOLEDs. The shape and distribution of nanowire arrays can be controlled by deposition thickness and evaporation rate. The application of DAAQ nanowire arrays does not compromise device lifetime or emission spectrum.
FIBERS AND POLYMERS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Justin J. Burau, Parul Aggarwal, Kameron Mehling, Jun Ye
Summary: Direct laser cooling of molecules has achieved high phase-space density in optical traps, but with small molecular numbers. To achieve quantum degeneracy, a mechanism combining sub-Doppler cooling and magneto-optical trapping is needed. We demonstrate the first blue-detuned MOT optimized for sub-Doppler cooling and strong trapping forces, leading to a substantial increase in phase-space density.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Fulin Deng, Xing-Yan Chen, Xin-Yu Luo, Wenxian Zhang, Su Yi, Tao Shi
Summary: We show analytically that the interaction potential between microwave-shielded polar molecules consists of a shielding core and a modified dipolar interaction. The validity of this effective potential is confirmed by comparing its scattering cross sections with those calculated using the full intermolecular potential. Our results demonstrate the possibility of inducing a scattering resonance under current microwave field conditions. Using the effective potential, we also study the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer pairing in microwave-shielded NaK gas and find a significant enhancement in the superfluid critical temperature near the resonance. These findings open up new paths for exploring the many-body physics of ultracold gases with microwave-shielded molecular gases.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Qun Zhang, Menglei Guo, Jiawei Xie, Xiaoming Yang, Chongjun Chen
Summary: Landfill leachate contains complex organic matter that is potentially harmful to the environment. Low-temperature vacuum evaporation can effectively remove protein-based organic matter and improve the biochemical properties.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Oleksandr Ye. Horniichuk, Karl Ridier, Lijun Zhang, Yuteng Zhang, Gabor Molnar, Lionel Salmon, Azzedine Bousseksou
Summary: This study reports on the fabrication, characterization, and application of high-quality nanometric thin films of the molecular spin-crossover complex [Fe(HB(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)3)2], with thicknesses in the range 20-200 nm. The films were obtained by vacuum thermal evaporation and characterized using various techniques. The films exhibit a gradual spin conversion centered at approximately 374 K and can enhance the UV-light thermoreflectance coefficient of reflective surfaces.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
R. A. Almotiri, A. F. Qasrawi, Sabah E. Al Garni
Summary: In this study, thin films of magnesium selenide were grown on glass substrates using vacuum deposition. The films exhibited polycrystalline structure and high dielectric constant, making them suitable for applications in near-infrared and ultraviolet ranges. Additionally, the films showed high plasmon frequency and terahertz cutoff frequency.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yuan Tao, Bowen Yan, Nana Zhang, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wei Chen, Daming Fan
Summary: This study investigates the effects of microwaves on the evaporation of glucose solutions through molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies. The results show that microwaves do not affect water evaporation behavior and no superheating was observed. High-intensity microwaves enable rapid boiling and intensified film boiling, leading to the high efficiency of microwave vacuum evaporation.
JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Xiao-pan Qiu, Xin Liu, She-ming Jiang, Guang-rui Jiang, Qi-fu Zhang
Summary: In this study, zinc coatings were simultaneously deposited onto interstitial free steel plates and single-crystal silicon wafers using the vacuum thermal evaporation technique in a high vacuum environment. The effect of substrate temperature on the morphology and crystal orientation of zinc coatings was investigated. The results showed that with the increase of substrate temperature, the shape and arrangement of zinc crystallites changed accordingly.
JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
C. Breazu, O. Rasoga, M. Socol, P. Ganea, T. Tite, E. Matei, F. Stanculescu, A. Stanculescu
Summary: This study investigates the impact of carbon nanomaterials and lipids on the aggregation properties of the amyloid beta/Aβ(1-42) layers, showing that the presence of cholesterol inhibits fibril formation and the developed structures are correlated with the surface characteristics of the films.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
James Walshe, Mihaela Girtan, Sarah McCormack, John Doran, George Amarandei
Summary: By utilizing thin films and PLDS coatings, loss mechanisms were addressed using a transfer matrix model to develop two initial designs of an SE-PLDS architecture for a monocrystalline silicon PV device. A 52% enhancement of the photocurrent is predicted to be produced compared to a conventional PV device, by carefully considering the composition and optical thickness of the ARC and its integration within the stratified SE-PLDS architecture.
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Physical
Mihaela Girtan, Antje Wittenberg, Maria Luisa Grilli, Daniel P. S. de Oliveira, Chiara Giosue, Maria Letizia Ruello
Summary: This editorial delves into a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of chemical elements and minerals in the Earth, Sun, and Universe, highlighting the importance of understanding element formation and properties for future technical applications and addressing critical availability issues. It also emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary effort to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
C. Breazu, M. Socol, N. Preda, O. Rasoga, A. Costas, G. Socol, G. Petre, A. Stanculescu
Summary: The use of 2D nanostructured transparent conductive electrode can influence the morphological, structural, optical and electrical properties of nucleobases thin films, affecting both optical (transmission and emission) properties and electrical properties through modifications at the organic/electrode interface. These results suggest potential applications in green optoelectronic devices.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gabriela Petre, Anca Stanculescu, Mihaela Girtan, Marcela Socol, Carmen Breazu, Loredana Vacareanu, Nicoleta Preda, Oana Rasoga, Florin Stanculescu, Aleksandr S. Doroshkevich
Summary: This study discusses the properties of organic heterostructures with a triple-layer ZnO/Ag/ZnO as a replacement for ITO, and a mixed layer containing arylenevinylene oligomer donor and nonfullerene acceptor. The effects of a PEDOT-PSS buffer layer on the electrical properties of the organic heterostructure with ZnO/Ag/ZnO electrode are also investigated.
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Veaceslav Sprincean, Liviu Leontie, Iuliana Caraman, Dumitru Untila, Mihaela Girtan, Silviu Gurlui, Petru Lisnic, Corneliu Doroftei, Aurelian Carlescu, Felicia Iacomi, Mihail Caraman
Summary: This study investigates the optical characteristics of micrometer-sized flexible InSe/In2O3 heterojunctions and suggests their potential for optoelectronic applications.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
P. L. Tuan, M. Kulik, T. V. Phuc, A. I. Madadzada, T. Yu. Zelenyak, M. Turek, J. Zuk, C. Mita, A. Stanculescu, A. S. Doroshkevich, B. Jasinska, L. H. Khiem, N. N. Anh, N. T. Bao My
Summary: This study investigates the changes in properties of monocrystalline semi-insulating gallium arsenide samples induced by ion irradiation. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry reveal the variations in pseudo-dielectric function and structural modifications caused by ion irradiation. Furthermore, the existence of an oxygen-enriched layer on the sample surface is identified, which affects the optical properties.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Carmen Mita, Nicoleta Cornei, Georgiana Bulai, Marius Dobromir, Mihaela Girtan, Alexander Doroshkevich, Eniko Gyorgy, Diana Mardare
Summary: In this paper, the photocatalytic properties of SmFe0.7Co0.3O3 and Sm0.7Sr0.3Fe0.7Co0.3O3 thin films for rhodamine B degradation were compared in the absence and presence of hydrogen peroxide. The effects of Sr doping on film properties were investigated using various techniques. The presence of Sr atoms in the film resulted in increased photocatalytic efficiency, increased oxygen vacancies, and reduction of Fe4+ to Fe3+ and Fe2+. In the presence of co-catalyst, the degradation efficiency reached 100% after 120 min for the doped film and 150 min for the undoped film.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Marcela Socol, Nicoleta Preda, Carmen Breazu, Gabriela Petre, Anca Stanculescu, Ionel Stavarache, Gianina Popescu-Pelin, Andrei Stochioiu, Gabriel Socol, Sorina Iftimie, Christine Thanner, Oana Rasoga
Summary: There is a growing interest in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells due to their properties and compatibility with various substrates. However, their efficiencies are low compared to silicon cells, and improvements are being sought through electrode nanostructuring, synthesis of new materials, and use of additives. In this study, the behavior of a common organic bulk heterojunction was examined when deposited on different substrates and with/without an additive. The results showed that the morphology of the films can be modified and their roughness decreased with the addition of a small quantity of additive. Micro-patterning of the electrode also increased the absorption of the photovoltaic structures.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Oana Rasoga, Carmen Breazu, Marcela Socol, Ana-Maria Solonaru, Loredana Vacareanu, Gabriela Petre, Nicoleta Preda, Florin Stanculescu, Gabriel Socol, Mihaela Girtan, Anca Stanculescu
Summary: In this study, the properties of organic heterostructures made of arylenevinylene-based polymer donor and non-fullerene perylene diimide acceptor were investigated. The effects of nanostructuring on the optical and electrical properties were studied by comparing the heterostructures deposited on flat Al electrodes and nano-patterned Al electrodes. It was found that nano-patterning enhanced light trapping and reduced reflectance, and also inhibited the photoluminescence emission of the non-fullerene acceptor. Additionally, an injector contact behavior was observed in all heterostructures with nano-patterned Al electrodes, with the current increasing for shorter conjugation length polymer donors.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alexander S. Doroshkevich, Anna S. Zakharova, Boris L. Oksengendler, Andriy I. Lyubchyk, Sergiy I. Lyubchyk, Svitlana B. Lyubchyk, Alisa A. Tatarinova, Andriy K. Kirillov, Tatyana A. Vasilenko, Oksana O. Gorban, Viktor I. Bodnarchuk, Nadejda N. Nikiforova, Elena A. Zakharova, Maria Balasoiu, Diana M. Mardare, Carmen Mita, Anca Stanculescu, Matlab N. Mirzayev, Asif A. Nabiyev, Evgeni P. Popov, Le Hong Khiem, Alexander A. Donkov, Vesna Teofilovic, Bozena Jasinska, Dan Chicea, Tatyana Ye. Konstantinova
Summary: This paper examines the new effects of nanoscale matter and explores the potential for developing electronic devices based on new physical principles. The study investigates the electrical properties of chemically homogeneous nanoparticles in different-sized contacts and reveals a unique size effect that can enable the creation of semiconductor structures with homogeneous electronics. The paper also explores the electronic structure of the nanoparticles and the formation of contact potential difference based on theoretical models. This discovery has the potential to address diffusion instability in semiconductor heterojunctions and open avenues for creating electronic devices with fundamentally new properties.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Rebekah Fraser, Mihaela Girtan
Summary: This article provides a review of ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics as thin film protective coatings for solar cells. The different preparation techniques and physical and chemical properties are compared. It is important for industrial-scale technologies involving solar cells and solar panel development, as protective coatings and encapsulation significantly impact the lifetime of solar panels and environmental protection.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Marcela Socol, Nicoleta Preda, Carmen Breazu, Andreea Costas, Oana Rasoga, Gabriela Petre, Gianina Popescu-Pelin, Sorina Iftimie, Andrei Stochioiu, Gabriel Socol, Anca Stanculescu
Summary: Nanocomposite films based on macrocyclic compounds (ZnPc and TPyP) and metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO or CuO) were prepared by MAPLE, and the effect of metal oxide addition on the properties of the films was evaluated. The presence of metal oxide nanoparticles influenced the infrared and UV-Vis spectra, as well as the photoluminescence spectra of the films. The morphology of the composite films showed agglomerated particles, but did not significantly affect the roughness. The electrical parameters of the structures based on the nanocomposite films were improved only for films with a certain type and optimum amount of metal oxide nanoparticles.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ping Zhang, Xiujie Yue, Yeran Gao, Zhenyong Lin, Shunxiang Wang, Songting Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the strengthening mechanism of highspeed cutting and solid particle-entrained waterjet peening (HSC-WJP) composite reinforcement on 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. The research results show that composite reinforcement can improve surface quality, reduce surface pits and roughness, and decrease the size of precipitation-free zone (PFZ) at grain boundaries.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Sangyoon Lee, Hwi Yoon, Sanghun Lee, Seung-min Chung, Hyungjun Kim
Summary: The wettability of metal oxides, particularly HfO2 thin films deposited via atomic layer deposition, and its correlation with surface free energy have been studied. It was found that surface oxygen species significantly affect the intrinsic hydrophilicity of HfO2 thin films, and the crystalline orientations also evolve with film thickness.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Changdong Yin, Yiwen Wu, Zhou Xu, Dongdong Ye, Jun Yao, Jianjun Chen, Qiang Liu, Xin Ge, Meiling Ding
Summary: This study proposed a new strategy to indirectly estimate the hydrogen diffusivity of metallic materials under tensile stress by combining the electrochemical hydrogen permeation test (EHPT), the hydrogen diffusion descriptive equation based on Fick's law, and hydrogen pre-charged tensile test. The results showed that the hydrogen permeation curve obtained was highly approximate to the theoretical trend. The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of the specimens increased with increasing stress.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Huan Luo, Wei-yi Wang, Xin Yu, Xian-jun Lei, Lang Liu, Guo-zheng Zha, Wen-long Jiang, Bin Yang, Bao-qiang Xu
Summary: Separating selenium and tellurium is a general challenge in material and non-ferrous metallurgical industries. This paper proposes a novel method that achieved efficient separation of selenium and tellurium using gas-liquid equilibrium phase diagram and valence regulation-vacuum gasification technique.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fan Zhang, Rong Xin Wang, Aiqin Tian, Fangzhi Li, Jianping Liu, Hui Yang
Summary: Deposition of Pd/Pt/Au three-layer films on p-GaN under high and ultra-high vacuum conditions was studied to investigate the electrical contact properties. Linear I-V curves were observed in samples deposited under ultra-high vacuum conditions, while nonlinear I-V characteristics were obtained in samples deposited under high vacuum conditions. The study also found that the samples deposited under high vacuum conditions had higher amounts of oxygen and Pd oxide. The oxide layer had an additional influence on the electrical characteristics of the Pd/Pt/Au/p-GaN contact.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hongli Liu, Chengzhe Liu, Ying Sui, Zhongxian Liu, Tiangang Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Shuang Sun, Jianwei Jia
Summary: This study utilized polysiloxane and hafnium carbide to produce Si-N-C-O-Hf hybridized ceramic fibers, and obtained ceramic fibers with hemispherical particles on the surface through electrostatic spinning and pyrolysis. The ceramic fibers exhibited excellent thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and high temperature insulation.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. Abaker, Nazar Elamin Ahmed, A. Saad, H. F. Khalil, E. M. M. Ibrahim, A. M. Adam
Summary: This paper systematically studied the internal structure and thermoelectric properties of In1-xGaxSb alloys prepared by melting synthesis at 1123 K. The results showed that doping with Ga in the In sites led to a significant increase in the Seebeck coefficient and power factor, while reducing the thermal conductivity. The maximum dimensionless figure of merit was observed at 403 K.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fucheng Yu, Jinlong Ren, Jielin Zhang, Haiyang Chen, Xin Tian, Chenchen Feng, Cuixia Li, Jianbin Zhang, Xianxi Tang, Xiaogang Hou
Summary: An environmentally friendly ZnO@BiVO4 composite photocatalyst was prepared using in-situ self-assembly and solvothermal methods, demonstrating good photocatalytic performance. The mass ratio of BiVO4 and NCZ was found to influence the photocatalytic performance of the composite.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yaoming Shao, Pingping Zheng, Tianhao Dong, Lianghuan Wei, Haifei Wu, Jianxiao Si
Summary: In this paper, Mg3Bi2 films were prepared on glass substrate using magnetron sputtering, and the phase composition and thermoelectric properties of the films were investigated with different atomic ratios. The films displayed a metastable cubic phase and high conductivity when the atomic ratio exceeded stoichiometry.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
I. V. Uimanov, D. L. Shmelev, S. A. Barengolts
Summary: A two-dimensional axisymmetric model has been developed to study the prebreakdown processes in a cathode microprotrusion under an external electric field. The simulation results show that electrohydrodynamic instability leads to the formation of a nanometer-sized conical protrusion on the microprotrusion tip, significantly accelerating the heating process.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Weilun Zhang, Di Yang, Feng Gong, Yongjun Chen, Tian Chen, Zhiwen Xie, Sirui Yang
Summary: A novel Pt doping method was designed to improve the thermal stability of CrWN coating. The doping of Pt atoms effectively blocks the coherent growth of the grains and creates a significant mixing effect, resulting in a smooth surface with uniform element distribution.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoye Wang, Xiaoguang Yang, Wenna Du, Tao Yang
Summary: In this study, the effects of multiple growth parameters on self-catalyzed growth of InAs/GaSb axial heterostructured nanowires on Si substrate by MOCVD were investigated. It was found that the growth temperature and switching time have significant influences on the nanowire growth.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Weizhong Cui, Yan Zhao, Can Cui, Xing Liu, Beili Pang, Jianguang Feng, Hongzhou Dong, Liyan Yu, Lifeng Dong
Summary: This study introduces Co2+ cations into Cs2AgBiBr6 film to improve its quality, grain size, and conductivity, resulting in enhanced solar cell efficiency.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jian Wang, Ke Yang, Xianming Cheng, Yalin Lu, Ganghui Wu, Yang Zhang, Yun Kan
Summary: The corrosion behavior and microstructural evolution of Sc microalloyed Al-3.2Cu-1.5Li alloys were investigated in detail. The microstructural results showed higher levels of dislocations density in the Sc microalloyed sample, which resulted in significantly refined grains and T1 precipitates. Microalloying with Sc changed the corrosion mode of the alloy and localized corrosion was found to occur preferentially at the subgrain within unrecrystallized grains with high grain stored energy.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Weifeng Liu, Na Liu, Kaiqiang Song, Meiqin Zeng, Zhongchen Lu
Summary: Monoclinic WO3 prepared through plasma milling exhibits higher photocatalytic activity due to its higher surface area, increased oxygen vacancies, and defects.