Article
Virology
Andrew D. Esteves, Orkide O. Koyuncu, Lynn W. Enquist
Summary: Neurons are highly polarized cells with axons that can reach centimeters in length. Communication between axons and distant cell bodies involves slow active transport of chemical messengers. The viral kinase US3 plays a critical role in promoting efficient retrograde transport of nucleocapsids in axons, leading to productive infection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Robert J. J. Jansens, Ruth Verhamme, Aashiq H. Mirza, Anthony Olarerin-George, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Samie R. Jaffrey, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: Chemical modifications of mRNA, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), play a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. This study found that alphaherpesvirus kinases can trigger phosphorylation of components of the m6A methyltransferase complex, leading to its inhibition and a decrease in m6A levels in virus-infected cells. The viral US3 protein is responsible for this phosphorylation and inhibition, and while inactivation of the m6A methyltransferase complex is not necessary for virus replication, the m6A methylation motif is underrepresented in alphaherpesvirus genomes.
Article
Virology
Yudi Pan, Longjun Guo, Qian Miao, Ling Wu, Zhaoyang Jing, Jin Tian, Li Feng
Summary: This study identifies THBS3 as a critical player in PRV binding and subsequent membrane fusion and entry, providing insights into the initial events of alpha herpesvirus infections.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Meng-Meng Deng, Ya-Wei Sun, Chen-Meng Ding, Xi-Ya Xu, Zi-Yi Guo, Zi-Wei Han, Chen-Zhe Lv, Jiang-Kun Qi, Yong-Tao Li, Xia Yang, Lin-Yang Yu, Lu Chen
Summary: The study successfully constructed PRV Delta gE/TK/US3 strain by deleting the US3 gene based on PRV Delta gE/TK strain, showing that it is safe for mice, induces higher levels of immune response, and is considered a promising candidate for preventing and controlling the epidemic pseudorabies in China.
Article
Microbiology
Jingying Xie, Xiangbo Zhang, Lei Chen, Yingjie Bi, Adi Idris, Shujuan Xu, Xiangrong Li, Yong Zhang, Ruofei Feng
Summary: The US3 protein of pseudorabies virus has been identified as a crucial viral factor that represses interferon beta expression by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3. This study reveals a novel strategy used by PRV to inhibit IFN-beta production and evade host innate immunity.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mengwei Xu, Yiwei Wang, Yamei Liu, Saisai Chen, Laixu Zhu, Ling Tong, Yating Zheng, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Chuanjian Zhang, Jichun Wang
Summary: In this study, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology was used to replace segments of the US3 gene with codon-deoptimized fragments. Three recombinant viruses were obtained and shown to have similar growth kinetics to the parental strain. Immunization with one of the recombinant viruses showed decreased virus load and attenuated pathological changes in mice. In piglets, immunization with the recombinant virus provided clinical protection and prevented virus shedding after challenge.
Article
Microbiology
Mengwei Xu, Laixu Zhu, Aimin Ge, Yamei Liu, Saisai Chen, Ziwen Wei, Yating Zheng, Ling Tong, Zhisheng Wang, Rongmei Fei, Jichun Wang, Chuanjian Zhang
Summary: Pseudorabies based on the pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has become a serious health issue in pig farms in China since 2011. In this study, codon deoptimization was used to modify PRV Delta TK&gE-AH02, creating recombinant PRVs with improved safety and immunogenicity. The results showed that these modified PRVs provided strong protection against PRV variants in mice and piglets, making them promising vaccine candidates.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Panrao Liu, Danhe Hu, Lili Yuan, Zhengmin Lian, Xiaohui Yao, Zhenbang Zhu, Norbert Nowotny, Yi Shi, Xiangdong Li
Summary: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a significant pathogen in the swine industry, and meclizine has shown notable inhibitory effects against PRV, especially during viral entry and cell-to-cell spreading. The antiviral effect of meclizine was also confirmed in mice experiments, indicating its potential as a therapeutic drug for PRV infection.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Ying-Xian Ma, Ya-Jing Chai, Ya-Qi Han, Shi-Bo Zhao, Guo-Yu Yang, Jiang Wang, Sheng-Li Ming, Bei-Bei Chu
Summary: The study found that the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is involved in the infection and invasion process of pseudorabies virus (PRV). PRV infection can upregulate LDLR expression, and overexpression of LDLR promotes PRV proliferation. In addition, LDLR interacts with PRV on the plasma membrane, affecting viral attachment and entry.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Maoyang Weng, Zhenhua Guo, Qingxia Lu, Qianyue Jin, Yao Jiang, Fangyu Wang, Junqing Guo, Guangxu Xing, Songlin Qiao, Gaiping Zhang
Summary: PRV, a member of the alphaherpesvirus family, has resurfaced in China causing significant economic losses. Recent studies suggest potential public health concerns related to PRV. In this study, the interaction between ANXA2 and PRV US3 was identified, with a significant impact on PRV proliferation. PRV infection and US3 overexpression resulted in extracellular translocation of ANXA2.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Xin-Man Li, Shi-Ping Wang, Jin-Yuan Wang, Ting Tang, Bo Wan, Lei Zeng, Jiang Wang, Bei-Bei Chu, Guo-Yu Yang, Jia-Jia Pan
Summary: This study reveals that RhoA acts as a host restriction factor in inhibiting PRV replication, and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton reduces virus replication.
Review
Virology
Duncan W. Wilson
Summary: Alphaherpesviruses infect the mammalian nervous system through mucosal epithelia, establish latency in the peripheral nervous system, and rely on microtubule- and actin-dependent cellular motors for efficient transport of viral particles during assembly and egress.
Article
Microbiology
Becky H. Lee, Giulia Tebaldi, Suzanne M. Pritchard, Anthony Nicola
Summary: This study demonstrates the importance of the NEDD8 cascade in the internalization of HSV-1 and HSV-2, while having minimal effect on the entry of veterinary viruses. The results provide new insights into the cellular processes involved in HSV internalization.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2022)
Article
Virology
Yi Wang, Guo-Li Li, Yan-Li Qi, Li-Yun Li, Lu-Fang Wang, Cong-Rong Wang, Xin-Rui Niu, Tao-Xue Liu, Jiang Wang, Guo-Yu Yang, Lei Zeng, Bei-Bei Chu
Summary: PRV infection downregulates the expression of LXR alpha and LXR beta, while LXR activation suppresses PRV proliferation. The reduction of cellular cholesterol mediated by LXR activation is critical for the dynamics of PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits.
Article
Microbiology
Melina Vallbracht, Barbara G. Klupp, Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Summary: The study found that N-glycosylation in the viral envelope protein gB plays a critical role in maintaining its structure and function. Although glycosylation at most sites is dispensable for protein expression and fusion activity, inactivation of certain sites can affect gB processing and function. Simultaneous inactivation of all N-glycosylation sites severely impairs fusion activity and viral entry, indicating the importance of N-glycans in gB structure and function.
Review
Virology
Yue Yin, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: Type III interferons play a crucial role in antiviral protection of mucosal epithelial barriers, particularly against herpesviruses. Current knowledge on the interaction of herpesviruses with type III interferons is limited to studies on herpes simplex virus.
Article
Virology
Sofie Denaeghel, Steffi De Pelsmaeker, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: This study shows that porcine cells infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) undergo rapid and progressive downregulation of NKG2D ligands, including both existing and newly expressed ligands. This downregulation is independent of late viral gene expression and represents an additional NK evasion strategy utilized by PRV.
Article
Immunology
Leen Hermans, Steffi De Pelsmaeker, Sofie Denaeghel, Eric Cox, Herman W. Favoreel, Bert Devriendt
Summary: The study showed that beta-glucans enhance NK cell cytotoxicity in pigs by inducing IL-10 secretion from monocytes, leading to increased cytotoxicity in NK cells in PBMC. IL-10 plays a critical role in beta-glucan-triggered NK cell cytotoxicity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Yue Yin, Nicolas Romero, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: This study reveals a novel evasion mechanism of type I and III interferons by alphaherpesviruses, in which the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus triggers degradation of key Janus kinases Jak1 and Tyk2 to inhibit IFN signaling. This inhibition is not caused by incoming virions and does not depend on viral protein expression or genome replication.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Nicolas Romero, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: The NF-kappa B pathway plays a crucial role in coordinating innate immune responses during infections. PRV infection triggers NF-kappa B activation via an inside-out nucleus-to-cytoplasm signal initiated by the DNA damage response. The virus actively inhibits NF-kappa B-dependent gene expression, potentially to counteract antiviral consequences of the DDR-NF-kappa B signaling axis.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Jonas L. Delva, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Barbara G. Klupp, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells play a crucial role in the onset of viral infections by producing large amounts of antiviral interferons. This study found that heavy particles of PRV trigger IFNa production by pDC, while light particles do not. Both PRV and HSV-1 L particles were shown to suppress H-particle-mediated pDC activation, highlighting the critical role of gD in alphaherpesvirus-induced pDC activation.
Article
Virology
Jonas L. Delva, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Wim Van den Broeck, Jochen A. Lamote, Nick Vereecke, Sebastiaan Theuns, Liesbeth Couck, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: The PRV vaccine strain Bartha plays a critical role in eradicating the disease in many countries, but its interaction with host cells and the immune system remains poorly understood. Bartha-infected epithelial cells produce increased amounts of infectious virus, leading to pDC hyperactivation. This phenotype is caused by the deletion of genes encoding US2 and gE/gI.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Valerie Redant, Herman W. Favoreel, Kai Dallmeier, Willem Van Campe, Nick De Regge
Summary: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes a severe neurotropic disease in humans but only mild symptoms in pigs. JEV shows a specific affinity for the tonsils in pigs, acting as a reservoir for the virus. Although there is a limited antiviral response upon virus entry in the tonsils, it is not enough to stop JEV replication. Furthermore, JEV persistence in tonsils is associated with a decrease in the frequency of CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive T cells.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Correction
Virology
Nicolas Romero, Shelly M. Wuerzberger-Davis, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Robert J. Jansens, Alexander Tishchenko, Ruth Verhamme, Shigeki Miyamoto, Herman W. Favoreel
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Nicolas Romero, Shelly M. Wuerzberger-Davis, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Robert J. Jansens, Alexander Tishchenko, Ruth Verhamme, Shigeki Miyamoto, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: The pseudorabies virus (PRV) inhibits host gene transcription and redirects cellular protein production towards viral proteins by recruiting essential host transcription factors in viral replication centers. This mechanism of PRV interferes with the production of host proteins involved in antiviral responses.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Robert J. J. Jansens, Ruth Verhamme, Aashiq H. Mirza, Anthony Olarerin-George, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Samie R. Jaffrey, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: Chemical modifications of mRNA, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), play a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. This study found that alphaherpesvirus kinases can trigger phosphorylation of components of the m6A methyltransferase complex, leading to its inhibition and a decrease in m6A levels in virus-infected cells. The viral US3 protein is responsible for this phosphorylation and inhibition, and while inactivation of the m6A methyltransferase complex is not necessary for virus replication, the m6A methylation motif is underrepresented in alphaherpesvirus genomes.
Article
Virology
Jonas L. Delva, Simon Daled, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Ruben Almey, Robert J. J. Jansens, Dieter Deforce, Maarten Dhaenens, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: The attenuated strain Bartha of pseudorabies virus (PRV) created by serial passaging is a remarkable success in alphaherpesvirus vaccination. In this study, mass spectrometry was used to compare the Bartha virion composition with three established wild-type PRV strains. The results showed differences in protein packaging, size, and morphology between Bartha and wild-type PRV. The reduced incorporation of certain tegument proteins in Bartha virions may contribute to its immunogenicity.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Alexander Tishchenko, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: Protein phosphorylation is crucial for understanding intracellular dynamics, and the proposed on-slide dephosphorylation assay coupled with immunofluorescence staining provides a fast and simple approach to validate phosphorylated proteins in their native subcellular context without the need for additional sample preparation steps, reducing analysis time and effort while minimizing the risk of protein loss or alteration.
METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Niels Vander Elst, Joni Bert, Herman Favoreel, Rob Lavigne, Evelyne Meyer, Yves Briers
Summary: Engineered endolysins have shown potential as add-on treatments for bovine streptococcal mastitis, with high bacteriolytic activity against antibiotic-resistant strains and the ability to eradicate biofilms and exhibit intracellular activity.
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Robert J. J. Jansens, Anthony Olarerin-George, Ruth Verhamme, Aashiq Mirza, Samie Jaffrey, Herman W. Favoreel
Summary: This study found that host transcripts containing the N6-methyladenosine nucleotide (m6A) are selectively downregulated during infection with certain viruses. The downregulation of m6A-methylated transcripts in PRV and HSV-1 infections depends on the YTHDF family of m6A-binding proteins, which localize to enlarged P-bodies. Knockdown of YTHDF proteins in primary cells reduces PRV protein expression and increases expression of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes, suggesting that virus-induced depletion of host m6A-containing transcripts constitutes an immune evasion strategy.
