Glutamate-induced free radical formation in rat brain synaptosomes is not dependent on intrasynaptosomal mitochondria membrane potential

Glutamate induces reactive oxygen species formation (ROS) in neurons. Free radicals can potentially be synthesized by NADPH oxidase or mitochondria. The primary source of ROS origin has yet to be identified. In addition, pro-oxidant action of glutamate receptors on neuronal presynaptic terminals is still not characterized. We investigated the influence of glutamate and agonists of its ionotropic receptors on ROS formation detected by fluorescent dye DCFDA in rat brain synaptosomes. Glutamate in concentration 10 and 100 mu M led to an increase of probe fluorescence pointing to free radical accumulation. This effect was mimicked by 100 mu M of NMDA or 100 mu M of kainate. Glutamate-induced ROS formation was sensitive to NMDA inhibitors MK-801 (10 mu M), NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L.-NAME (100 mu M) and NADPH oxidase inhibitors DPI (30 mu M) and not affected by mitochondrial uncoupler CCCP (10 mu M) and mitochondrial toxins rotenone (10 mu M) + oligomycin (5 mu g/ml). We also showed that 100 mu M of glutamate leads to a decrease of intrasynaptosomal mitochondrial potential monitored by fluorescent dye Rhodamine-123. Hence, the depolarization of intrasynaptosomal mitochondria is not a primary cause of glutamate-induced ROS formation in neuronal presynaptic terminals. Activation of NMDA receptors might be responsible for a certain part of glutamate pro-oxidant action. Most likely, sources of glutamate-induced ROS formation in neuronal presynaptic terminals are NADPH oxidase and NOS activation. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.