Article
Chemistry, Physical
P. Emadi, B. Andilab, K. Borodianskiy, C. Ravindran
Summary: The use of lightweight alloys, such as magnesium, is crucial for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions in automobiles, as well as increasing the range of electric vehicles. This study investigated the effects of SiC nanoparticles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy composites. The addition of SiC resulted in significant grain refinement, more uniform phase dispersion, and improved tensile strength, making it a promising material for strengthening light alloys.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yifan Wang, Yanli Lu, Shiyao Zhang, Haipeng Zhang, Hong Wang, Zheng Chen
Summary: Through TEM and tensile testing, the microstructure of nanoscale precipitates formed in the primary a-Al grains of a cast Al-7Si-Mg alloy during ageing at different temperatures has been systematically investigated. The interactions of dislocations with different types of precipitates were analyzed, revealing the strengthening effects on mechanical properties. The study also discussed the moire fringes and FFT pattern of beta phase, as well as the unique phenomenon of beta phase nucleation and growth on the surface of Si particles.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tao Ma, Sicong Zhao, Erjun Guo, Lili Zhao, Rui Fan, Yu Zhang, Liping Wang
Summary: In this study, a high-strength Mg-6Gd-2Y-1.5Ag-1Nd-0.4Zn-0.5Zr alloy was developed through the construction of multi-orientated nano-precipitates, leading to significant improvement in mechanical properties. The comprehensive investigation of the corresponding microstructure and strengthening mechanism was conducted under various heat treatment conditions, revealing a three-stage precipitation evolution process and outstanding mechanical properties achieved through synergistic strengthening of nano-precipitates.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Xin Tong, Guohua Wu, Mark A. Easton, Ming Sun, Qiman Wang, Liang Zhang
Summary: This work reports the highest yield strength and elongation in an Mg-Y-RE-Zr alloy produced by an additive manufacturing (AM) process. A combination of a large-diameter welding wire and pulsed current was used to inhibit the oxidation of WE43 alloy fabricated by quasi-directed energy deposition using electric arc (quasi-DED-Arc). The results show that the amount of Y2O3 in this work is only 2-5% of that of the sample produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) reported previously. Moreover, the variable solidification conditions and in-situ heat treatments induced by the multiple thermal cycles (MTCs) were found to result in an inhomogeneous microstructure along the building direction, which are responsible for the variations in mechanical properties. The WE43 alloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties due to the intrinsic heat treatment that occurs during the build process. The 8th layer exhibits a maximum tensile strength of 347 MPa and a good elongation of 7.1%, which exceeds the strength-ductility combinations for cast WE43 alloy. The strengthening mechanisms in different layers have been discussed. A physical model depicting the microstructural transformation during quasi-DED-Arc has been proposed based on the measured thermal cycling data and microstructure observations.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Qinghang Wang, Siyuan Chen, Bin Jiang, Zhaoyang Jin, Lingyu Zhao, Junjie He, Dingfei Zhang, Guangsheng Huang, Fusheng Pan
Summary: The study investigated the pre-strain annealing strengthening effect on extruded Mg-1.0Gd-1.5 Zn (wt.%) alloy with different grain sizes. The microstructure evolution of the alloy under various conditions was examined using various microscopy techniques. The results showed a grain size-dependent pre-strain annealing strengthening effect in the alloy, with larger grain sizes exhibiting higher strengthening effect due to hindrance of twin growth and increased nucleation of new twins.
JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
T. S. Orlova, T. A. Latynina, M. Y. Murashkin, F. Chabanais, L. Rigutti, W. Lefebvre
Summary: The paper investigates the effect of high pressure torsion on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of Al-0.53Mg-0.27Zr alloy preliminarily aged at T = 375 degrees C for 366 h. It was found that HPT processing leads to a significant increase in strength and good electrical conductivity and ductility in the alloy. The study also highlights the key role of Mg alloying elements in strengthening the material.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Hao Yu, Abbas Sabahi Namini, Seyed Ali Delbari, Mehrdad Sheikhlou, Arash Abdolmaleki, Sunghoon Jung, Jiyoung Lee, Jinghan Wang, Quyet Van Le, Soo Young Kim, Ho Won Jang, Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
Summary: The impact of adding 20 vol% SiC on the properties of TiB2 was studied in this research. The prepared composite showed improved mechanical properties and wear resistance.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Rui Fan, Lei Wang, Sicong Zhao, Liping Wang, Erjun Guo
Summary: Strengthening Mg alloys with multiple rare earth elements, as well as Ag and Zn doping, resulted in a new cast Mg-2Gd-2Y-2Nd-2Sm-1Ag-1Zn-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy with exceptional mechanical properties. Through heat treatment, the alloy achieved a yield strength of 228 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 330 MPa. The synergy of basal precipitate and prismatic 13' precipitate contributed to its excellent tensile properties.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Sang-Hwa Lee, Jae-Gil Jung, Sung-Il Baik, David N. Seidman, Min-Seok Kim, Young-Kook Lee, Kwangjun Euh
Summary: The research revealed that the formation and evolution of GPI and GPII zones during natural aging had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the Al-7.6Zn-2.7Mg-2.0Cu-0.1Zr-0.07Ti alloy. The Zn/Mg atomic ratio, mean radius, number density, and volume fraction of the GP zones also played crucial roles in influencing the mechanical properties of the alloy.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yang Gao, Fuyu Ge, Yan Cui, Xin Zhang, Jian Han, Yangchuan Cai
Summary: In this study, the microstructure and superior properties of AlFeCoCrNi2.1 alloy were investigated. The compression tests revealed the alloy's high yield strength, ultimate fracture toughness, and hardness. The study also explored the microstructural strengthening mechanisms, with a focus on the effects of compression stages and the role of irregular structures and grain boundaries.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Lunchao Zhang, Yuan Yuan, Jun Wang, Tao Chen, Jingfeng Wang, Fusheng Pan
Summary: High temperature heat treatment Mg-0.69Sn-0.69Y alloy exhibited a high damping capacity (0.201 at epsilon=1 x 10-3) and a very low critical strain amplitude at room temperature (epsilon cr1=2.97 x 10-5), which can be ascribed to the combined effects of purified matrix phase and subgrain interfaces. The substructure is unstable and the damping capacity decreases with temperature increment.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Roman Kolenak, Alexej Pluhar, Jaromir Drapala, Paulina Babincova, Matej Pasak
Summary: The purpose of this research was to study the soldering characteristics of Zn-Mg-Sr solder alloy and its usage in soldering SiC ceramics with Cu-SiC-based composite. TG/DTA analysis was used to determine the melting point of the solder. The microstructure of the soldering alloy Zn3Mg1.5Sr was found to contain a fine eutectic matrix with segregated phases of strontium-SrZn13, magnesium-MgZn2, and Mg2Zn11. The solder exhibited an average tensile strength of 98.6 MPa and a shear strength of 62 MPa in SiC/Cu-SiC joint.
Article
Physics, Applied
Yuanyuan Li, Lu Zhang, Yin Yu, Youjun Zhang, Qiming Wang, Xiuxia Cao, Bo Gan, Xianming Zhou, Chuanmin Meng, Hongliang He, Duanwei He
Summary: Micro-grained diamond-SiC composites were prepared by sintering at high temperature and pressure, and plate impact experiments revealed double elastic wave responses within a pressure range of 22-170 GPa. The shock experiments demonstrated that the Hugoniot elastic limit of micro-grained diamond in SiC matrix is as high as 170 GPa, nearly twice that of single crystal diamond.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Iwona Bednarczyk, Dariusz Kuc
Summary: This article investigates the influence of extrusion methods on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WE43 magnesium alloy. Different deformation methods were applied to determine their effects on the alloy's structure and properties. The study shows that the KoBo method enables superplastic flow and microstructure refinement. These findings are significant for the development of forming technology for lightweight construction elements.
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Zhen Peng, Yi Liu, Lirong Xiao, Yue Yang, Bo Gao, Mengning Xu, Zhaohua Hu, Yandong Yu, Xuefei Chen, Hao Zhou
Summary: In this study, four typical twin-like interfaces were identified as incoherent grain boundaries. It was proposed that the interaction of multiple twinning contributes to the formation of these boundaries, and a special angle close to 90 degrees is formed due to alternative tensile and compression twinning under uniaxial loading.
JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Michael Regev, Stefano Spigarelli
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE
(2020)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Michael Regev, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: Friction stir processing can produce materials with very fine grains, but the differences between the advancing side and the retreating side result in an uneven stir zone. Processing the material from both sides helps eliminate this difference, although the mechanical properties of the processed material are inferior to the parent material despite grain refinement.
Editorial Material
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Elisabetta Gariboldi, Stefano Spigarelli
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
C. Paoletti, E. Santecchia, M. Cabibbo, M. Regev, S. Spigarelli
Summary: A physical model was used to study the dependence of minimum creep rate on stress and temperature for ETP copper. The model took into account the role of grain boundaries and the effect of grain growth. Experimental testing confirmed the model's predictions, showing that the grain size and dislocation density have an impact on creep behavior.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Valerio Di Pompeo, Alberto Santoni, Eleonora Santecchia, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: The creep strength of the 17-4PH precipitation hardening steel produced by Bound Metal Deposition technology was investigated and compared with a traditional steel. The analysis showed a significant reduction (35-40%) in creep strength for the Bound Metal Deposited steel due to the presence of dispersed defects.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chiara Paoletti, Marcello Cabibbo, Eleonora Santecchia, Emanuela Cerri, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: The influence of a 1050 degrees C annealing on the minimum creep rate of Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by additive manufacturing was investigated. Experimental data analysis showed that the alloy annealed at the highest temperature had lower creep rates. This improvement was attributed to the presence of extended alpha-beta interfaces and a small volume fraction of Ti3Al particles.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Marcello Cabibbo, Eleonora Santecchia, Valerio di Pompeo, Maria Laura Gatto, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a common joining practice for various metallic materials. The process parameters can be adjusted to optimize the mechanical properties of the resulting joint. This study investigated the microstructure of an age-hardened alloy and found that FSW conditions have limited effect on the microstructure, while microhardness profiles show higher variability.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
S. Spigarelli
Summary: This study analyzed the creep response of AISI 316 and AISI 316 L, taking into account the presence of fine particles precipitated during creep exposure. A recent model developed for particle-strengthened alloys was used to describe the minimum creep rate dependence on applied stress. The same model, in combination with a composite model, was applied to describe the creep behavior of additively manufactured AISI 316 L, which had a different microstructure compared to wrought materials.
MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
S. Spigarelli, C. Paoletti, E. Cerri, E. Santecchia, M. Cabibbo
Summary: The present study investigates the creep response of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by additive manufacturing and annealed above the 8-transus. The study aims to explain the observed differences in behavior compared to the same alloy annealed at lower temperatures. The results show that even minor differences in heat treatment conditions can cause significant variations in the creep threshold stress.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Maria Laura Gatto, Alberto Santoni, Eleonora Santecchia, Stefano Spigarelli, Fabrizio Fiori, Paolo Mengucci, Marcello Cabibbo
Summary: Austenitic stainless steels used in osteosynthesis devices are prone to crevice corrosion. Studies have shown that austeno-ferritic duplex stainless steel is a suitable alternative due to its resistance to crevice corrosion and superior mechanical properties. However, the use of duplex stainless steel for biomedical applications is still under discussion due to potential harmful effects in magnetic fields.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Michael Regev, Benny Almoznino, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: Commercially pure titanium plates were friction-stir welded using a tool with a tungsten carbide pin. The FSWed material was defect-free and lacked WC particles. The TMAZ exhibited refined equiaxed grains, possibly due to dynamic recrystallization. The improved mechanical properties of the TMAZ were attributed to grain refinement, mechanical twinning, and increased dislocation density.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Michael Regev, Alberto Santoni, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: The effect of oxidation on the mechanical response of commercially pure titanium was investigated at 550, 600, and 650°C. Prolonged exposures at high temperatures resulted in a significant reduction in the minimum creep rate under a given applied stress. A simplified composite model was used to describe the creep response, considering a hard oxygen-enriched zone and a soft pure-titanium core.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Stefano Spigarelli, Michael Regev, Alberto Santoni, Marcello Cabibbo, Eleonora Santecchia
Summary: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) causes material microstructure variations and changes in mechanical properties. This study investigates the creep response of pure titanium after FSW, finding that FSW samples have lower creep rates and rupture strains.
Article
Crystallography
Valerio Di Pompeo, Eleonora Santecchia, Alberto Santoni, Kamal Sleem, Marcello Cabibbo, Stefano Spigarelli
Summary: In this study, stainless steel samples were fabricated using solid-state additive manufacturing technology, and the properties and defects of the raw material and samples were characterized using different analysis methods. The microstructural modifications were found to be linked to the mesostructural defects typical of solid-state additive manufacturing technology.
Proceedings Paper
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Chiara Paoletti, Stefano Spigarelli, Marcello Cabibbo, Emanuela Cerri
TMS 2020 149TH ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEEDINGS
(2020)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shuai Zhang, Shuye Zhang, Hongzhi Zhou, Kyung-Wook Paik, Tianran Ding, Weimin Long, Sujuan Zhong, Peng He
Summary: Microwave Hybrid Heating (MHH) is a promising method for material joining, allowing for selective and uniform heating. This experimental study focused on investigating the characteristics and reliability of joints made using nano-Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu soldering paste and MHH technique. The research findings showed that the shear strength of the joints reached its peak value under specific microwave power and exposure time, but decreased after thermal shock tests.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Peibin Ma, Mingyang Wang, Aiying Chen, Lijian Gu, Zhiyi Ding, Xiaogui Wang, Bin Gan
Summary: Nano-twinned boundaries in high-temperature alloys play a crucial role in regulating the distribution of nano-precipitates and enhancing mechanical properties.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiachen Zhang, Fan Lu, Xinxin Liu, Taiwen Huang, Rui Li, Changsheng Tan, Guojun Zhang, Lin Liu
Summary: This study investigates the effects of Re and Ta interactions on the precipitation of the TCP phase in experimental alloys under long-term thermal exposure. The study finds that microstructure segregation is not fully eliminated even with standard heat treatment, and the interaction between Re and Ta enhances the formation of the TCP phase. Thermodynamic calculations and first-principles analysis reveal that Re significantly improves the driving force of TCP phase precipitation. The study also observes a phase transition from the sigma-phase to the P-phase, with Ni playing a crucial role in the diffusion process.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ronit Roy, Adil Shaik, Matthew Topping, Fei Long, Mark R. Daymond
Summary: This study demonstrates the improvements in characterizing localized dislocation distribution using the HR-EBSD method compared to the conventional approach. Two extreme examples of deformation conditions were investigated to show the efficacy of HR-EBSD in identifying dislocations and subtle features. The direct correlation between slip bands and HR-EBSD estimated GNDs is also presented, enhancing the scope of this approach in identifying individual slip bands.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenshan Guo, Hui Zhang, Qingjun Zhou, Guangchun Xiao, Ning Guo, Wei Zhao, Gang Wang
Summary: The microstructures and corrosion resistance of TC11 components were significantly improved using a high-power, high-speed laser metal deposition (LMD) process and subsequent post-heat treatment, with greater improvements observed in the deposition direction. The significant improvement of corrosion resistance in the deposition direction is mainly due to the weakening of the charged galvanic corrosion effect between the non-interlayer zone and interlayer zone.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shuai Xu, Rui Cao, Junheng Gao, Yu Zhang, Haitao Zhao, Shuize Wang, Yuhe Huang, Guilin Wu, Honghui Wu, Chaolei Zhang, Xinping Mao
Summary: In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of interphase precipitation strengthening micro-alloyed steels were investigated. The addition of Cr was found to increase the yield strength without significant decrease of ductility. Thermodynamics analysis revealed that the addition of Cr led to grain refinement and decrease of sheet spacing of nanoprecipitates. Calculations showed that the decrease of interphase-precipitated carbides sheet spacing and the refinement of grain size were responsible for the strength enhancement of Cr microalloyed steel.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhaoxin Zhong, Biao Zhang, Yuhan Ren, Jian Ye, Jiawei Zhang, Feng Ye
Summary: In this study, bioinspired web-liked multiphase composites were successfully constructed using boron-modified polysilazane polymer. The composites consisted of long TiB nanowires as 'web' and hybrid TiC and Ti3Si particles as 'nodes'. The enhanced strength of these composites was attributed to the synergistic load transfer of the hybrid reinforcements. This study provides a promising design approach for developing high-performance composites with high reinforcement content, utilizing polymer instead of traditional ceramic powder.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Geng Liu, Linran Yu, Jie Su, Ran Ding, Min Xiong, Qi Gao
Summary: In this study, a flash austenitization heat treatment approach was used to achieve a dual-phase microstructure consisting of retained austenite and fine-grained ferrite in low-carbon TRIP steel. Phase-field simulations revealed the acceleration of ferrite transition kinetics in the Mn-depleted region and the influence of chemical heterogeneity of C and Mn on the stabilization of austenite.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhichao Yang, Dehui Zheng, Zhen Wang, Tingbin Liang, Shuangbao Wang
Summary: In this study, the configurations, formation process, and properties of the Cu-rich layer formed during TJE of Al alloys were revealed using aberration-corrected scanning TEM (STEM), STEM image simulations, and first-principles calculations. The results showed a new orientation relationship between the Cu-rich layer and Al matrix, and provided insights into the formation mechanisms of the Cu-rich layer and Cu diffusion zone.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shuai Chen, Ruyu Tian, Jiayue Wen, Yanhong Tian
Summary: In this study, the interfacial microstructure evolution and reliability of Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305)/Ni and Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.05TiO2 (SAC305-0.05TiO2)/Ni interconnections under thermal shock were investigated. The results showed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles can suppress the growth of interfacial IMCs and improve the reliability of the connections.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yunbin Lu, Yangju Feng, Wei Wang, Wenke Wang, Jianlei Yang, Wenzhen Chen, Guorong Cui, Dongdong Zhuang, Hongyang Cao
Summary: In order to improve the wear resistance of titanium alloy, titanium matrix composites with network distributed TiBw were fabricated. The results showed that the wear rate of the composites decreased by 17.2% at room temperature and 38.4% at high temperature compared to the TA15 alloy. The TiBw in the composites enhanced work hardening, improved thermal conductivity, and effectively hindered dislocation movement and promoted dynamic recrystallization during high-temperature wear.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jubert Pasco, Lu Jiang, Thomas Dorin, Ali Keshavarzkermani, Youliang He, Clodualdo Aranas Jr
Summary: The unique structure and solute distribution of CoCrMo alloys produced using Laser Powder Bed Fusion technique require custom heat-treating processes to achieve the targeted phase distribution and mechanical properties. This study investigates the phase transformation behavior and precipitate distribution of CoCrMo samples after aging heat treatment. The results show differences in phase fraction and nucleation sites between directly aged and solution heat-treated samples.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zipeng Ma, Meng Zhou, Baohong Tian, Yi Zhang, Heng Li, Xu Li, Jin Zou, Haoyan Hu, Ke Jing, Yong Liu, Alex A. Volinsky
Summary: In this study, two electrical contact composites were prepared using the vacuum hot pressing sintering endo-oxidation method. The addition of Y2O3 had no negative effects on the electrical conductivity and hardness of the composites. Moreover, it reduced the welding force and arc energy, and improved the stability of the contacts.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wei Sun, Ning Cui, Shuling Zhang, Tiewei Xu, Xiaopeng Wang, Fantao Kong
Summary: A laminated composite was successfully fabricated and its microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The composite exhibited high bonding strength, improved flexural strength and fracture toughness, and superior tensile properties compared to the monolithic alloy.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zih-You Wu, Yin-Ku Lee, Su-Yueh Tsai, Po-Yu Chen, Jenq-Gong Duh
Summary: With the development of the artificial intelligence (AI) industries, electronic packaging is advancing towards high density, high efficiency, and multi-functionality. The application of microbumps is necessary to achieve high density and small-scale interconnection. In this study, three types of full intermetallic compounds (IMCs) bumps were fabricated, and the mechanical and thermal properties of IMCs were analyzed. The results showed that the full IMCs bumps with added Ni and Zn exhibited consistent structure and excellent thermal stability, providing a reliable microstructure for application.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2024)
