Ternary inverse opal system for convenient and reversible photonic bandgap tuning

A ternary system, consisting of air, an air-core/dense-silica-shell core-shell particle, and liquids has been used to fabricate an inverse opal structure with low fill factor, high refractive index contrast, and reversible tuning capabilities of the bandgap spectral position. The original close-packed opal structure is a ternary self-assembled photonic crystal from monodisperse and spherical polystyrene-core/silica-shell colloidal particles with air as the void material. Calcination removed the polystyrene and converted the core-shell particles to hollow spheres with a dense shell. In a final step, liquid is infiltrated only in the voids between the hollow spheres, but does not penetrate in the shell. This allows facile and reversible tuning of the bandgap, properties in an inverse opal structure.