Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Qin Luo, Yajie Zheng, Hang Zhang, Zhiyu Yang, Huiyang Sha, Weili Kong, Mengmeng Zhao, Nina Wang
Summary: Research on the GP5 protein is crucial for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). We provide a summary of its genetic variation, immunity, replication, apoptosis, virulence, and interaction with viral and host proteins, which lays a foundation for understanding PRRSV replication mechanisms and vaccine development.
Article
Microbiology
Xiaoxiao Zhang, Yongjie Chen, Songbei Li, Jinling Wang, Zhan He, Jiecong Yan, Xiaohong Liu, Chunhe Guo
Summary: Study on viral glycoprotein-host membrane protein interactions helps to discover new cell receptors or entry facilitators for viruses. In this study, the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) was identified as one of the interactions of glycoprotein 5 (GP5) from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). MARCO served as a host restriction factor for PRRSV, inhibiting virus proliferation and enhancing apoptosis in infected cells. This work reveals a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCO and advances the development of control strategies for PRRSV.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Jong-Chul Choi, Min-Sik Kim, Hwi-Yeon Choi, Yeong-Lim Kang, In-Yeong Choi, Sung-Won Jung, Ji-Yun Jeong, Min-Chul Kim, Andrew Y. Cho, Ji-Ho Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Seung-Yong Park, Chang-Seon Song, In-Soo Choi, Joong-Bok Lee
Summary: This study found that replacing the N-linked glycosylation site at the 44th position of the GP5 protein of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) can enhance the induction of neutralizing antibodies by vaccines. A new vaccine candidate, vCSL1-GP5-N44S, was created by replacing the 44th asparagine with serine. Piglets inoculated with vCSL1-GP5-N44S showed no adverse effects and had a high level of neutralizing antibodies after the challenge, demonstrating the potential of vCSL1-GP5-N44S as a vaccine candidate.
VETERINARY SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Minze Zhang, Xiaoliang Han, Klaus Osterrieder, Michael Veit
Summary: The major membrane proteins GP5 and M of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are palmitoylated at cysteines, which is essential for virus growth. Acylation is required for the formation of infectious particles and viruses lacking acylation sites show reduced growth in cell culture. Multiple fatty acids attached to GP5 and M are necessary for clustering of dimerized proteins at Golgi membranes and virus assembly.
Article
Microbiology
Xiaoyang Li, Ruiqi Sun, Yanyu Guo, Huixia Zhang, Ruyu Xie, Xubin Fu, Lei Zhang, Lilin Zhang, Zexing Li, Jinhai Huang
Summary: To ensure efficient replication, a virus must hijack or regulate multiple host factors. Understanding virus-host interactions and host resistance mechanisms is necessary to control PRRSV. In this study, we uncovered a new immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Yuqing Wei, Guo Dai, Mei Huang, Lianghai Wen, Rui Ai Chen, Ding Xiang Liu
Summary: In this study, a chimeric rSP-HUB2 strain was constructed by replacing the GP5 and M protein-coding region from a highly pathogenic strain PRRSV-HUB2 with the corresponding region from PRRSV vaccine strain SP. The rSP-HUB2 strain exhibited more inhibition of type I interferon induction and more promotion of proinflammatory cytokines compared to rSP strain. Further studies showed that a specific amino acid residue in the GP5 protein was a determinant for the phenotypic difference between the two recombinant viruses.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Michael Veit, Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla, Minze Zhang
Summary: This study used the artificial intelligence-based system alphafold2 to predict the structure of Gp5/M in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. The predicted structure revealed a dimeric core and an open cavity beneath the membrane, and showed similarities to the M and Orf3a proteins of coronaviruses. The study also discussed the role of Gp5/M in virus replication and the mechanisms of antibody-dependent virus neutralization.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Shuang Jiao, Changyao Li, Hongyang Liu, Mengdi Xue, Qiongqiong Zhou, Longfeng Zhang, Xiaohong Liu, Chunying Feng, Guangqiang Ye, Jia Liu, Jiangnan Li, Li Huang, Tao Xiong, Zhaoxia Zhang, Changjiang Weng
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) of PRRSV is shown to inhibit the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway by cleaving the inhibitor kappa B kinase beta (IKK beta). The cleavage of IKK beta by PRRSV Nsp4 is dependent on its 3C-like serine protease activity.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Veterinary Sciences
Yajie Zheng, Hang Zhang, Qin Luo, Huiyang Sha, Gan Li, Xuanru Mu, Yingxin He, Weili Kong, Anfeng Wu, Haoji Zhang, Xingang Yu
Summary: This review summarizes the genetic evolution of NSP11, its impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, its interactions with other PRRSV and host proteins, its regulation of host immunity, the conserved characteristics of its enzyme activity (NendoU), and its diagnosis. It provides an essential theoretical basis for in-depth studies on PRRSV pathogenesis and vaccine design.
VETERINARY SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Virology
Jingbo Hu, Chenxi Li, Yanyang Zhou, Jingjing Ding, Xiangdong Li, Yanhua Li
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly significant pathogen in the swine industry with no approved antiviral drug for its control. This study demonstrates that allicin, a compound found in garlic, exhibits antiviral activity against PRRSV by inhibiting viral entry, replication, and assembly. Allicin also alleviates the inflammatory response induced by PRRSV infection, making it a promising candidate for anti-PRRSV therapy.
Article
Immunology
Tiphany Chrun, Emmanuel A. Maze, Eleni Vatzia, Veronica Martini, Basudev Paudyal, Matthew D. Edmans, Adam McNee, Tanuja Manjegowda, Francisco J. Salguero, Nanchaya Wanasen, Surapong Koonpaew, Simon P. Graham, Elma Tchilian
Summary: The study indicated that co-infection of PRRSV-2 and swine influenza H3N2 virus weakened the protective effect of PRRS modified live virus vaccine while enhancing antibody responses. In contrast, co-infection in non-immunized animals helped reduce viral load and potentiate T cell responses. The upregulation of inhibitory cytokines gene expression in vaccinated pigs' lungs may have influenced responses to H3N2 and PRRSV-2.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Ting Tong, Shuangfei Deng, Xiaotong Zhang, Liurong Fang, Jiangong Liang, Shaobo Xiao
Summary: In this study, gelatin stabilized ferrous sulfide nanoparticles (Gel-FeS NPs) were synthesized using co-precipitation method. The Gel-FeS NPs exhibited good dispersibility, biocompatibility, and high antiviral activity against PRRSV proliferation. The released Fe2+ from degraded Gel-FeS NPs still showed antiviral effect, highlighting the advantage of Gel-FeS NPs as an antiviral nanomaterial.
JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Xiaoyu Cao, Xinna Ge, Yongning Zhang, Xin Guo, Jun Han, Lei Zhou, Hanchun Yang
Summary: Three novel PRRSV strains were isolated and found to cluster with NADC30-like virus, with a specific deletion in the nsp2 coding region and variable mutagenesis in the GP2 to GP5 antigenic sites. Recombination analysis revealed that these strains were generated through multiple recombination events involving NADC30-like virus, HP-PRRSV vaccine-like virus, and QYYZ-like virus. Furthermore, QYYZ-like strains were found to undergo frequent recombination and obtain immunogenic and protective protein fragments from QYYZ.
TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Virology
Hong Duan, Xu Chen, Ziwei Zhang, Zhijie Zhang, Zhihan Li, Xinjie Wang, Jiakai Zhao, Yuchen Nan, Baoyuan Liu, Angke Zhang, Yani Sun, Qin Zhao
Summary: This study evaluated the antiviral activity of two nanobodies against PRRSV and found that one of them could effectively inhibit viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. The study also provided new insights into the molecular basis of PRRSV N protein self-binding and assembly of viral particles.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Xuewei Liu, Xing Liu, Juan Bai, Yanni Gao, Zhongbao Song, Hans Nauwynck, Xianwei Wang, Yuanqi Yang, Ping Jiang
Summary: This study unveils the interaction between PRRSV GP5 and GAPDH, demonstrating that GP5 binds to a 13-amino-acid sequence on GP5 and interacts with GAPDH at the K277 residue. The findings shed light on the role of GAPDH in PRRSV replication and present a potential target for controlling viral infection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kara McCormick, Zhiyong Jiang, Longchao Zhu, Steven R. Lawson, Robert Langenhorst, Russell Ransburgh, Colin Brunick, Miranda C. Tracy, Heather R. Hurtig, Leah M. Mabee, Mark Mingo, Yanhua Li, Richard J. Webby, Victor C. Huber, Ying Fang
Article
Virology
Yanhua Li, Ali Tas, Zhi Sun, Eric J. Snijder, Ying Fang
Article
Virology
Yanhua Li, Duan-Liang Shyu, Pengcheng Shang, Jianfa Bai, Kang Ouyang, Santosh Dhakal, Jagadish Hiremath, Basavaraj Binjawadagi, Gourapura J. Renukaradhya, Ying Fang
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2016)
Article
Virology
Zhenhai Chen, Fangfeng Yuan, Yanhua Li, Pengcheng Shang, Robin Schroeder, Kelly Lechtenberg, Jamie Henningson, Benjamin Hause, Jianfa Bai, Raymond R. R. Rowland, Alfonso Clavijo, Ying Fang
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Joan K. Lunney, Ying Fang, Andrea Ladinig, Nanhua Chen, Yanhua Li, Bob Rowland, Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANIMAL BIOSCIENCES, VOL 4
(2016)
Article
Virology
Y. Li, P. Shang, D. Shyu, C. Carrillo, P. Naraghi-Arani, Crystal J. Jaing, G. J. Renukaradhya, A. E. Firth, E. J. Snijder, Y. Fang
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Yanhua Li, Chase Sthal, Jianfa Bai, Xuming Liu, Gary Anderson, Ying Fang
Summary: PRV1, a prevalent virus in pig herds, can be accurately detected using a high sensitivity and specificity RT-qPCR assay targeting the HN gene. Nasal swab and oral fluid samples are reliable for PRV1 detection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Rui Guo, Xingyu Yan, Yanhua Li, Jin Cui, Saurav Misra, Andrew E. Firth, Eric J. Snijder, Ying Fang
Summary: This study demonstrates that PRRSV nsp2TF interacts with the major arteriviral envelope proteins GP5 and M, promoting arterivirus assembly by antagonizing ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of these key viral structural proteins.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chenxi Li, Xuan Chen, Jingbo Hu, Daoyuan Jiang, Demin Cai, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study established a reverse genetics system for the GI JEV strain (YZ-1) and generated a reporter virus (rGI-Gluc) by inserting a gaussia luciferase (Gluc) expression cassette into the JEV genome. The reporter virus remained genetically stable for at least ten passages in vitro and was used for antiviral drug screening and neutralizing antibody detection against the GI JEV.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Virology
Lilei Lv, Huaye Luo, Lingxue Yu, Wu Tong, Yifeng Jiang, Guoxin Li, Guangzhi Tong, Yanhua Li, Changlong Liu
Summary: In this study, suitable human cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B217, and SNU387) for studying PEDV were identified by screening cell lines with high correlation coefficient to the established PEDV infection model Huh7. These cell lines showed similar replication kinetics of PEDV to Vero and Huh7 cells and exhibited robust induction of transcripts associated with the innate immune response to PEDV infection, including inflammatory cytokine and interferon genes.
Article
Virology
Jingbo Hu, Chenxi Li, Yanyang Zhou, Jingjing Ding, Xiangdong Li, Yanhua Li
Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly significant pathogen in the swine industry with no approved antiviral drug for its control. This study demonstrates that allicin, a compound found in garlic, exhibits antiviral activity against PRRSV by inhibiting viral entry, replication, and assembly. Allicin also alleviates the inflammatory response induced by PRRSV infection, making it a promising candidate for anti-PRRSV therapy.
Article
Virology
Yanhua Li, Chenxi Li
Summary: This study demonstrates that PRV1 antagonizes host innate immune responses through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting interferon production and signaling, as well as interfering with MDA5 and RIG-I signaling pathways. These findings provide important insights into the pathogenicity of PRV1.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Chenxi Li, Linjie Zhang, Xuan Chen, Daoyuan Jiang, Jingbo Hu, Jinyao Guo, Jingjing Ding, Xue Jiao, Wenbin Bao, Yanhua Li
Summary: This study evaluated the potential of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a stable vector for gene delivery. Using JEV genotype I (GI) as the backbone, a series of recombinant viruses expressing different foreign genes were successfully generated. These recombinant viruses exhibited excellent genetic stability and efficient expression of foreign genes for at least ten serial passages in vitro. In a mouse vaccination model, the recombinant viruses were able to induce antibody responses. Therefore, GI JEV strains have the potential to serve as viral vectors for the expression of large foreign genes.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Zhuo Li, Sarah A. Zaiser, Pengcheng Shang, Dustin L. Heiden, Heather Hajovsky, Pratik Katwal, Baylor DeVries, Jack Baker, Juergen A. Richt, Yanhua Li, Biao He, Ying Fang, Victor C. Huber
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biology
Xinjie Wang, Pinpin Ji, Huiying Fan, Lu Dang, Wenwei Wan, Siyuan Liu, Yanhua Li, Wenxia Yu, Xiangyang Li, Xiaodong Ma, Xu Ma, Qin Zhao, Xingxu Huang, Ming Liao
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2020)