Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jiaxuan Miao, Haiyang Gao, Leilei Kou, Yehui Zhang, Yan Li, Zhigang Chu, Lingbing Bu, Zhen Wang
Summary: A sporadic case of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) was unexpectedly observed in Beijing on the night of July 6-7, 2020. The presence of noticeable wavy structures and a higher ambient temperature at the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) suggested that an increase in temperature oscillations may have been caused by the cold phase of gravity waves (GWs). Our study analyzed the reasons for the formation of NLCs based on observations and model data sets. It was found that GWs generated by a squall line in the troposphere broke due to the blocking effect of a stable tropopause inversion layer (TIL), resulting in strong energy dissipation near the TIL. Reverse ray tracing analysis revealed the travel distance (206.88 km) and time (49.91 min) of GWs between the TIL and the NLCs' layer. The study also showed that turbulence over the TIL excited secondary GWs, which propagated upwards towards the mesosphere and potentially interacted with diurnal and semi-diurnal tides. The cold phase of larger-amplitude waves provided optimal conditions for NLC formation. This study emphasizes the importance of dynamic coupling mechanisms between the troposphere and MLT thermal conditions, and provides a case study for the increasing occurrences of NLCs at midlatitudes.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Editorial Material
Microbiology
A. Sloan Devlin
Summary: The author reflects on their career trajectory from a graduate student in organic chemistry to an early-career scientist in the microbiome field, discussing strategies for discovering microbiome-derived molecules and their activities, and contemplating how to uncover which of these molecules are responsible for driving host phenotypes.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Emily N. Tinney, Cameron R. Homeyer, Lexy Elizalde, Dale F. Hurst, Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Holger Vomel, Henry B. Selkirk
Summary: The definition of the tropopause has been a focus of atmospheric science, and the most commonly used definition based on temperature lapse-rate has limitations. This study proposes a new stability-based definition using balloon-based observations, which can more reliably identify composition changes in the tropopause.
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xiangde Xu, Chan Sun, Deliang Chen, Tianliang Zhao, Jianjun Xu, Shengjun Zhang, Juan Li, Bin Chen, Yang Zhao, Hongxiong Xu, Lili Dong, Xiaoyun Sun, Yan Zhu
Summary: By analyzing meteorological data, this study reveals the existence of a summer hollow wet pool over the Asian water tower (AWT) on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which has significant implications for global water vapor change.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jack Fishman, John W. W. Birks, Thomas E. E. Graedel, Will Steffen, John P. P. Burrows, Carleton J. J. Howard, Richard P. P. Wayne
Summary: Paul Crutzen obtained his doctorate in meteorology in 1968 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995. His contributions spanned various scientific disciplines and his research had a significant impact on atmospheric chemistry, tropical biomass burning, and the concept of nuclear winter. His proposal for the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch and his involvement in climate change discussions further highlight the importance of his career.
BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qing Zhu, Fei Zhang, Yan Huang, Hengyu Xiao, LuYuan Zhao, XuChun Zhang, Tao Song, XinSheng Tang, Xiang Li, Guo He, BaoChen Chong, JunYi Zhou, YiHan Zhang, Baicheng Zhang, JiaQi Cao, Man Luo, Song Wang, GuiLin Ye, WanJun Zhang, Xin Chen, Shuang Cong, Donglai Zhou, Huirong Li, Jialei Li, Gang Zou, WeiWei Shang, Jun Jiang, Yi Luo
Summary: This article introduces an all-round AI-Chemist equipped with scientific data intelligence, capable of performing various tasks in chemical research and controlling the experimental process autonomously.
NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Shaswati Mandal, Ashraf Brik
Summary: The advancements in chemical protein synthesis have enabled researchers to address biological questions using unique modifications that are difficult or impossible to achieve through current molecular biology methods.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dan Li, Barbel Vogel, Rolf Mueller, Jianchun Bian, Gebhard Guenther, Martin Riese
Summary: This study quantitatively assesses the impact of western Pacific typhoons on ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Results show that typhoons negatively affect ozone concentrations in Hong Kong and Naha, with vertical transport by intense typhoons causing even larger negative anomalies. Horizontal transport within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone also contributes to the low ozone values measured in the region.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Ling Zou, Lars Hoffmann, Rolf Mueller, Reinhold Spang
Summary: This study analyzes the characteristics of the tropical tropopause using ERA5 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2021 and finds a general rise and cooling of the tropopause during this period. However, from 2006 to 2021, the tropical tropopause shows a warming trend with a slower rise. The study also reveals large uncertainties in the variability of the tropical belt width.
FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Chen Zhang, Wen-wen Tung, William S. Cleveland
Summary: The study systematically explored the impact of atmospheric rivers on surface hydrometeorology in the US West Coast and Midwest. IWV-based AR indices proved to be the optimal choice for addressing seasonal precipitation drivers in the Midwest, while IVT-based indices were effective in capturing intense orographic precipitation on the West Coast. Combined indices of IVT and IWV identified the most intense AR precipitation episodes.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Cuihua Li, Yangbin Li, Jingman Peng, Ying Chen
Summary: The analysis of the vertical distribution of winter ozone in the Pearl River Delta in 2021 was conducted using an electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde and compared with ozone Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. The study also explored the transport of stratospheric ozone to the troposphere. The results showed significant differences in the ozone profiles detected by LiDAR and the sounding system in the middle and lower troposphere, and the ozone sounding was able to supplement the blind area of near-ground ozone detection by LiDAR.
JOURNAL OF SENSORS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jinpeng Lu, Fei Xie, Hongying Tian, Jiali Luo
Summary: The study highlights the significant impacts of tropopause layer ozone changes on global climate change, especially on LSWV. A depletion of tropopause layer ozone at mid-low latitudes leads to cooling of the tropical cold-point tropopause and a reduction in LSWV, whereas the effect of polar ozone changes is opposite and weaker. The joint effect of tropopause layer ozone depletion causes negative cold-point tropopause temperature and decreased tropical LSWV.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Roeland Van Malderen, Dirk De Muer, Hugo De Backer, Deniz Poyraz, Willem W. Verstraeten, Veerle De Bock, Andy W. Delcloo, Alexander Mangold, Quentin Laffineur, Marc Allaart, Frans Fierens, Valerie Thouret
Summary: This paper describes the development and research applications of the 50-year Uccle ozonesonde dataset, focusing on the trends in ozone evolution in the troposphere and stratosphere, as well as the importance of satellite ozone profile detection validation.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Masashi Kohma, Masatoshi Mizukoshi, Kaoru Sato
Summary: This study examined tropopause folding events (TFs) in the Antarctic coastal region using the ERA5 dataset. The results showed that TFs often occur along the coast of Antarctica, which is located south of the maximum of synoptic-scale disturbances. A composite analysis of TFs at Syowa Station revealed strong Q-vector divergence and downwelling when the tropopause height anomaly was greatest.
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Kamel Azarm, Ali R. Mohebalhojeh, Mohammad Mirzaei
Summary: In this study, the anomalies of dynamical tropopause associated with blocking events in Southwest Asia during the period 1959-2020 were analyzed using JRA-55 re-analysis data. The blocking properties were identified and analyzed based on a wave breaking index. The results show that the location and frequency of occurrence of blocking are in agreement with previous studies, and the characteristics of tropopause undergo defined changes in the blocking area, with important implications for synoptic systems.
DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERES AND OCEANS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Salil Mahajan, Qi Tang, Noel D. Keen, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Luke P. van Roekel
Summary: The study found that the high-resolution model improves the simulation of precipitation extremes over the southeastern United States, but exhibits stronger La Nina-related extremes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The high-resolution model shows a better representation of moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico during El Nino years, enhancing the variability of moisture, while it brings in more moisture from the Pacific Ocean in La Nina years in the Pacific Northwest.
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Bryce E. Harrop, Susannah M. Burrows, Katherine Calvin, Gabriel J. Kooperman, L. Ruby Leung, Mathew E. Maltrud, Xiaoying Shi, Jinyun Tang, Qi Tang, Hailong Wang, Qing Zhu
Summary: This study examines the plant physiological and radiative impacts of CO2 on rainfall patterns over tropical forest regions. The results show that CO2 reduces the diurnal cycle of rainfall and decreases the occurrence of deep convective rainfall, regardless of the season.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Y. Feng, H. Wang, P. J. Rasch, K. Zhang, W. Lin, Q. Tang, S. Xie, D. S. Hamilton, N. Mahowald, H. Yu
Summary: This study examines the global life cycle and direct radiative effects of dust in E3SMv1, and finds that updating dust refractive indices and correcting for a bias in partitioning emissions improves the simulation of dust effects. The model underestimates dust vertical and long-range transport compared to satellite observations. Improved observational constraints of dust properties are needed for accurate representation in Earth System Models.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jean-Christophe Golaz, Luke P. Van Roekel, Xue Zheng, Andrew F. Roberts, Jonathan D. Wolfe, Wuyin Lin, Andrew M. Bradley, Qi Tang, Mathew E. Maltrud, Ryan M. Forsyth, Chengzhu Zhang, Tian Zhou, Kai Zhang, Charles S. Zender, Mingxuan Wu, Hailong Wang, Adrian K. Turner, Balwinder Singh, Jadwiga H. Richter, Yi Qin, Mark R. Petersen, Azamat Mametjanov, Po-Lun Ma, Vincent E. Larson, Jayesh Krishna, Noel D. Keen, Nicole Jeffery, Elizabeth C. Hunke, Walter M. Hannah, Oksana Guba, Brian M. Griffin, Yan Feng, Darren Engwirda, Alan V. Di Vittorio, Cheng Dang, LeAnn M. Conlon, Chih-Chieh-Jack Chen, Michael A. Brunke, Gautam Bisht, James J. Benedict, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Yuying Zhang, Meng Zhang, Xubin Zeng, Shaocheng Xie, Phillip J. Wolfram, Tom Vo, Milena Veneziani, Teklu K. Tesfa, Sarat Sreepathi, Andrew G. Salinger, J. E. Jack Reeves Eyre, Michael J. Prather, Salil Mahajan, Qing Li, Philip W. Jones, Robert L. Jacob, Gunther W. Huebler, Xianglei Huang, Benjamin R. Hillman, Bryce E. Harrop, James G. Foucar, Yilin Fang, Darin S. Comeau, Peter M. Caldwell, Tony Bartoletti, Karthik Balaguru, Mark A. Taylor, Renata B. McCoy, L. Ruby Leung, David C. Bader
Summary: The U.S. Department of Energy has released version two of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), which is faster and more accurate in simulating the climate compared to its predecessor. However, there are still important biases that need to be corrected.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maria Sand, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Marit Sandstad, Srinath Krishnan, Gunnar Myhre, Hannah Bryant, Richard Derwent, Didier Hauglustaine, Fabien Paulot, Michael Prather, David Stevenson
Summary: With increasing global interest in molecular hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels, the potential leakages of hydrogen into the atmosphere and its impact on greenhouse gases are receiving more attention. Using a model ensemble of five global atmospheric chemistry models, it is estimated that the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) of hydrogen is 11.6 +/- 2.8. The changes induced by hydrogen are consistent across different models. To fully benefit from the transition to a hydrogen economy, it is crucial to minimize hydrogen leakages.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Colleen B. Baublitz, Arlene M. Fiore, Sarah M. Ludwig, Julie M. Nicely, Glenn M. Wolfe, Roisin Commane, Michael J. Prather, Daniel C. Anderson, Gustavo Correa, Bryan N. Duncan, Melanie Follette- Cook, Daniel M. Westervelt, Ilann Bourgeois, William H. Brune, T. Paul Bui, Joshua P. Digangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, Kathryn Mckain, David O. Miller, Jeff Peischl, Alexander B. Thames, Chelsea R. Thompson, Kirk Ullmann, Steven C. Wofsy
Summary: ProxyOH is developed as an observation-based proxy for spatial variations in hydroxyl radical (OH) in the remote marine troposphere. It scales linearly with in situ [OH] spatial variations and can be used to map OH variations over a large area.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Michael J. Prather, Hao Guo, Xin Zhu
Summary: The NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) completed four seasonal deployments, providing near-complete chemical characterization of air parcels along the flight path. The Modeling Data Stream (MDS) and Reactivity Data Stream (RDS) derived from the ATom measurements are crucial for understanding model differences and errors in global tropospheric chemistry. These data offer valuable insights into the budgets of tropospheric ozone and methane.
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hao Guo, Clare M. Flynn, Michael J. Prather, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, Louisa Emmons, Forrest Lacey, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Arlene M. Fiore, Gus Correa, Lee T. Murray, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Michelle Kim, John Crounse, Glenn Diskin, Joshua DiGangi, Bruce C. Daube, Roisin Commane, Kathryn McKain, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea Thompson, Thomas F. Hanisco, Donald Blake, Nicola J. Blake, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, James W. Elkins, Eric J. Hintsa, Fred L. Moore, Steven C. Wofsy
Summary: The NASA ATom mission collected in situ measurements of key reactive species in air parcels over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The study found that a large portion of the total reactivity is concentrated in a fraction of all air parcels, supporting previous model-only studies. The results also showed that current global chemistry models can capture much of the heterogeneity in tropospheric chemistry.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Michael J. J. Prather, Lucien Froidevaux, Nathaniel J. J. Livesey
Summary: Using satellite observations from 2005 to 2021, it is found that the atmospheric lifetime of N2O is decreasing at a rate of -2.1 +/- 1.2 %/decade. The cause is believed to be a stronger stratospheric circulation, possibly driven by climate change. If these trends continue, the change in N2O over the 21st century will be significantly reduced.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kai Zhang, Wentao Zhang, Hui Wan, Philip J. Rasch, Steven J. Ghan, Richard C. Easter, Xiangjun Shi, Yong Wang, Hailong Wang, Po-Lun Ma, Shixuan Zhang, Jian Sun, Susannah M. Burrows, Manish Shrivastava, Balwinder Singh, Yun Qian, Xiaohong Liu, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Qi Tang, Xue Zheng, Shaocheng Xie, Wuyin Lin, Yan Feng, Minghuai Wang, Jin-Ho Yoon, L. Ruby Leung
Summary: This study analyzes the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols (ERFaer) simulated by the E3SM version 1 atmospheric model, finding that it is influenced by aerosol composition and optical properties, and that there are regional differences and temporal evolutions. After 1970, the relationships between key aerosol and cloud properties changed significantly, leading to no increase in the global annual mean ERF aer magnitude. Compared to other models, E3SMv1 has a relatively large ERFaer, primarily due to the large indirect aerosol effect. Reducing the anthropogenic aerosol effect through liquid or mixed-phase clouds would be more effective in reducing the net ERFaer magnitude.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Xue Zheng, Qing Li, Tian Zhou, Qi Tang, Luke P. Van Roekel, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Hailong Wang, Philip Cameron-Smith
Summary: This paper presents the experimental setup and general characteristics of the US Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1.0) in coupled historical and future climate simulations. The study focuses on the regional responses of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land in the highest emission scenario (SSP5-8.5) designed in the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMlP). The results show that E3SMv1.0 exhibits high surface warming and significant changes in precipitation, runoff, and sea ice in the future projection period.
GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Po-Lun Ma, Bryce E. Harrop, Vincent E. Larson, Richard B. Neale, Andrew Gettelman, Hugh Morrison, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, Stephen A. Klein, Mark D. Zelinka, Yuying Zhang, Yun Qian, Jin-Ho Yoon, Christopher R. Jones, Meng Huang, Sheng-Lun Tai, Balwinder Singh, Peter A. Bogenschutz, Xue Zheng, Wuyin Lin, Johannes Quaas, Helene Chepfer, Michael A. Brunke, Xubin Zeng, Johannes Mulmenstadt, Samson Hagos, Zhibo Zhang, Hua Song, Xiaohong Liu, Michael S. Pritchard, Hui Wan, Jingyu Wang, Qi Tang, Peter M. Caldwell, Jiwen Fan, Larry K. Berg, Jerome D. Fast, Mark A. Taylor, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Shaocheng Xie, Philip J. Rasch, L. Ruby Leung
Summary: The realistic simulation of Earth's mean-state climate is a crucial challenge for predicting the climate system. This study shows that focusing on the realism of process assumptions in cloud calibration and subgrid effects can significantly improve global atmospheric simulations. By improving cloud fidelity, biases in other aspects of the system are reduced, and the sensitivity to aerosol perturbations is decreased.
GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Michael J. Prather
Summary: Fluctuations of atmospheric CO2 are mainly caused by human-driven sources and natural cycles of ocean and land carbon. The influx of aged CO2-depleted air in the stratosphere can lead to surface CO2 fluctuations. However, the stratosphere-driven surface variability in CO2 is found to be at most 10% of the observed interannual variability and is not a significant source. Analysis of the annual variance can identify the amplitude and increase of the CO2 annual cycle over time.
EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Daniel J. Ruiz, Michael J. Prather
Summary: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) plays a crucial role in tropospheric ozone and has significant impacts on atmospheric chemistry, climate, and air quality. However, current global chemistry models diverge in their predictions of STE fluxes. This study uses modeled tracers and observational data to better understand and constrain STE fluxes. The results indicate that the estimated current STE O-3 flux is 400 Tg(O-3) yr(-1), with a NH : SH ratio ranging from 50:50 to 60:40. Future assessments can benefit from using a range of observational metrics to improve the constraints on modeled STE O-3 flux.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)