Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams with different concentrations of flame retardants, bis([dimethoxyphosphoryl]methyl) phenyl phosphate (BDMPP), and either melamine (MA) or expandable graphite (EG) were prepared and studied. The synergistic effect of BDMPP and EG on flame retardancy was highlighted, with EG showing excellent smoke suppression during burning and MA significantly reducing the peak heat release rate. The combination of BDMPP and EG, along with MA, offers an approach to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Wei Lu, Zhipeng Zeng, Zhenglong He, Yuntao Liang, Yong Sun, Shuanglin Song, Lili Wang, Ruling Liu
Summary: A highly dispersed melamine/red phosphorus (MA/RP) composite flame retardant was prepared through mechanical grinding, which effectively dispersed RP in the substrate and improved its flame retardancy. MA/RP flame retardant was then used to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid foams (MA/RP/HF) with uniform and closed pores. The resulting MA/RP/HF showed good thermal stability and achieved the V-0 grade in flame retardant tests, demonstrating its superior flame retardancy compared to rigid polyurethane-based foam and pure HF. The study also discussed the synergistic flame retardancy mechanism of MA and RP on polyurethane-based foam.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Young Shin Kim, Euy Sik Jeon
Summary: The mechanical and flame-retardant properties of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUF) were analyzed in relation to different types of flame retardants. The study compared FPUF samples containing halogenated and halogen-free flame retardants. Various tests, such as cup foaming, square foaming, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, horizontal flame test, limited oxygen index, and cone calorimeter test, were conducted to evaluate the properties of the foams. The results show that FPUF blended with expandable graphite exhibited improved tensile strength and reduced heat release compared to samples containing melamine or tris 2-chloropropyl phosphate (TCPP).
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Dan Meng, Xiaodong Liu, Shuheng Wang, Jun Sun, Hongfei Li, Zhongwei Wang, Xiaoyu Gu, Sheng Zhang
Summary: A self-healing coating containing PEI/APP polyelectrolyte complex deposited on FPUF with GO was able to improve flame retardancy and mechanical properties. The coating reduced peak heat release rate significantly and exhibited self-healing ability, enhancing compressive strength by 175.0% compared to control.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Menghe Zhu, Zhewen Ma, Lei Liu, Jianzhong Zhang, Siqi Huo, Pingan Song
Summary: This comprehensive review focuses on the design, application, and effects of reactive, additive, and coating halogen-free flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The challenges and future research opportunities are also discussed.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yin Yam Chan, Andreas Korwitz, Doris Pospiech, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were prepared with different combinations of flame retardants and additives to evaluate their synergistic effects on the properties of FPUFs. It was found that the combination of expandable graphite and phosphorous polyol significantly improved the char yield of the foams, thereby enhancing their flame retardancy. Furthermore, the addition of expandable graphite effectively reduced smoke and toxic gas emissions, while the replacement of polyether polyol with castor oil maintained the physical and mechanical properties and improved the bio-based content.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Delai Jiao, Haofei Sima, Xiaolin Shi, Chunling Zhang, Bo Liu
Summary: In this study, a mussel-inspired flame retardant was synthesized and used to coat polyurethane foam. The coated foam showed significantly improved flame retardancy without affecting its compression properties.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Gurjot S. Dhaliwal, Dilpreet S. Bajwa, Sreekala Bajwa
Summary: By adding nanoclay to soy-based PU foam, the foam exhibited superior mechanical and flame retardant properties.
JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: An alternative phosphorous soybean-oil-based polyol was used for flexible polyurethane foams synthesis, with the addition of 5% and 10% expandable graphite (EG) to improve flame retardancy. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG showed significantly enhanced flame retardancy, with a three times increase in char yield, indicating a potential strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Natalie A. Vest, Thomas J. Kolibaba, Andrea O. Afonso, Sashi A. Kulatilaka, Ethan T. Iverson, Jaime C. Grunlan
Summary: Soft furnishing fires contribute to a significant percentage of fire causalities and property damage in the United States annually. A study found that adding acid salts can improve the flame retardancy of polyurethane foam in soft furnishings and significantly reduce the risk of fires.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shenghe Zhang, Fukai Chu, Zhoumei Xu, Yifan Zhou, Yong Qiu, Lijun Qian, Yuan Hu, Bibo Wang, Weizhao Hu
Summary: In this study, the effects of three different phosphorus-containing compounds on the flame-retardant performance of FPUF were investigated, and their flame-retardant mechanism was explored. Among them, MPBT showed the highest flame-retardant efficiency. Increasing the addition amount of MPBT resulted in improved comprehensive performance of flame-retardant FPUF.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Xu Zhang, Yueqi Wen, Sen Li, Zhi Wang, Hua Xie
Summary: The chemical modification of hydrotalcite by intercalating dihydrogen phosphate significantly improves the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of flexible polyurethane foam. An optimal amount of 15% modified hydrotalcite shows the best performance during the combustion process of modified FPUFs.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Munirah D. Albaqami, Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh, Ayman Nafady
Summary: A study introduced a method for producing superhydrophobic and flame-retardant polyurethane foam through coating technology, effectively enhancing the fire resistance of the foam material, while maintaining the comfort performance and surface characteristics of the samples.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Xue Qian, Qiang Liu, Laibao Zhang, Hui Li, Jiwen Liu, Shouke Yan
Summary: In this study, a reactive flame-retardant diol called BEOPMS was synthesized and combined with PMDI for the fabrication of PIR foams. The results showed that BEOPMS effectively improved the flame retardancy of the foams, and higher LOI and char residue yield values were achieved at specific NCO/OH ratios and phosphorus contents.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Qian Wu, Jincheng Zhang, Shengpeng Wang, Bajin Chen, Yijun Feng, Yongbing Pei, Yue Yan, Longcheng Tang, Huayu Qiu, Lianbin Wu
Summary: A facile strategy was developed to fabricate flexible polyurethane foam composites with exceptional flame retardancy by incorporating graphene oxide and silicone resin onto the foam surface. The composites showed superior flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical stability compared to pristine PU or PU coated with SiR alone, with significant enhancements with increasing GO content. A possible flame-retardant mechanism was proposed based on the composition, microstructure, and surface morphology of the composites.
FRONTIERS OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Janine Kowalke, Christine Arnold, Ilia Ponomarev, Christian Jaeger, Peter Kroll, Erica Brendler, Edwin Kroke
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2019)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Christian Posern, Carl-Christoph Hoehne, Uwe Boehme, Claudia Vogt, Edwin Kroke
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2019)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Marcus Herbig, Lia Gevorgyan, Moritz Pflug, Joerg Wagler, Sandra Schwarzer, Edwin Kroke
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Janine Kowalke, Joerg Wagler, Christine Viehweger, Erica Brendler, Edwin Kroke
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2020)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Marcus Herbig, Lia Gevorgyan, Moritz Pflug, Joerg Wagler, Sandra Schwarzer, Edwin Kroke
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Sebastian Bochmann, Uwe Boehme, Erica Brendler, Mike Friebel, Maik Gerwig, Franziska Grundler, Betty Gunther, Edwin Kroke, Robert Lehnert, Lars Ruppel
Summary: The disproportionation reactions of chlorosilane compounds in the presence of boron trichloride result in the formation of the compound H[B(SiCl3)(4)]. Spectroscopic analyses and crystal structure analysis confirm the highly symmetric borate anion coordinated with silicon, as well as the presence of polar Si-Cl and Si-B bonds. Stabilized highly reactive compounds containing trichlorosilyl groups have been prepared in recent years, with the superacid H[B(SiCl3)(4)] representing a new member in this compound family.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Franziska Gruendler, Henrik Scholz, Marcus Herbig, Sandra Schwarzer, Joerg Wagler, Edwin Kroke
Summary: A novel phosgene-free route to different isocyanates was explored starting from CO2 and aminosilanes. The successful synthesis of isocyanates was achieved through the insertion of CO2 into Si-N bonds of substrates with cyclic amine substituents.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Mike Friebel, Uwe Boehme, Edwin Kroke
Summary: Linear alpha,omega-diphosphaoligosilanes were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Single crystal structure analyses revealed that these silanes adopt all-transoid conformations in the solid state, with elongated silicon-silicon and silicon-phosphorus bonds. This can be attributed to the bulky phenyl and iso-propyl substituents, as well as effective sigma conjugation along the main chains.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Christopher Ryll, Konstantin Kraushaar, Joerg Wagler, Erica Brendler, Edwin Kroke
Summary: This study investigates the insertion of carbon dioxide into aminodisilanes to form carbamoyloxydisilanes, revealing the structure of some insertion products with pentacoordinate silicon atoms. Extensive analysis, including single-crystal X-ray structure analyses, was conducted on the amino-disilanes and their insertion products. The temperature dependence of the higher coordination was explored using variable temperature NMR experiments.
Article
Crystallography
Marcus Herbig, Edwin Kroke, Joerg Wagler
Summary: A series of silylated 2-aminopyrimidines were synthesized from chlorosilanes and 2-aminopyrimidine using triethylamine as a sacrificial base. The molecular structures of these compounds were determined using various spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The presence of intramolecular van der Waals contacts and intermolecular hydrogen bonds contributes to the solid-state structures of these compounds.
Article
Polymer Science
Katrin Krupinski, Joerg Wagler, Erica Brendler, Edwin Kroke
Summary: Novel hybrid materials with Si-O-C bridges were obtained through condensation reactions of chlorosilanes (SiCl4 and CH3SiCl3) and bis(trimethylsilyl)ethers of rigid, quasi-linear diols (CH3)3SiO-AR-OSi(CH3)3 (AR = 4,4'-biphenylene and 2,6-naphthylene). Pyridine-catalyzed reactions led to soluble oligomers, while pyridine-catalyzed reactions with SiCl4 resulted in a Sol-Gel transition and the formation of xerogels. The xerogels exhibited low BET surface area and consisted of hydrolytically sensitive three-dimensional networks of SiO4-units linked by the arylene groups.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Claudia Vogt, Carl-Christoph Hoehne, Jennifer Limburger, Alexander Koenig, Tobias Wagener, Edwin Kroke
Summary: This paper presents a convenient method for the synthesis of mixtures of asymmetrical s-triazine phosphonates, which can be used to adjust the thermal behavior and viscosity of the compounds. The synthesis is based on the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction, and complete conversion of reactants to target compounds is achieved. The results are verified through detailed NMR and elemental analysis, and the thermal behavior is compared using TGA.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Pawel Wyzga, Wilder Carrillo-Cabrera, Lev Akselrud, Igor Veremchuk, Joerg Wagler, Christoph Hennig, Alexander A. Tsirlin, Andreas Leithe-Jasper, Edwin Kroke, Roman Gumeniuk
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Robert Gericke, Christoph Gondek, Andre Stapf, Joerg Wagler, Edwin Kroke, Erica Brendler
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Christine Viehweger, Janine Kowalke, Erica Brendler, Sandra Schwarzer, Claudia Vogt, Edwin Kroke
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2020)
